Private Military Contractors and the Middle East - 1433 Words

Throughout the Middle East, the use of private military contractors has significantly heightened, due to the call of attacks in these countries. PMC’s take up much cost for a country to fund, and the increasing rates are bringing drawbacks onto working citizens. However, there PMC’s are also vital in order for a country to maintain its armed security forces. On the other hand, mercenaries are people who take part in armed conflicts. The PMC’s hire these mercenaries to work under them in helping take part in hostilities, but receive benefits for their own gains. Recently, the United Nations Mercenary Convention (UNMC) has placed restrictions upon PMC’s in the use of mercenaries, in order to create specifications between commercial and government uses of these protection services. Sweden has very little support and funds for the use of these PMC’s, due to the lack of high military activity. Current Issues: In the Middle East, and other countries active in their military uses, are raising high questions of controversy against whether or not PMC’s should be implemented at an international scale. After these countries in the middle east have been hit with attacks, there has been thought on how to promote entrusted security for the countries. However, the use of these PMC’s can lead to security faults in diplomatic officials, and can cause unstable regions throughout a country as we have seen happen in Libya in 2012. On the contrary, PMC’s can be ideal in post-warShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Power Fettweis On American Foreign Policy2203 Words   |  9 Pagesproven by the fact the United States has increased its military spending by over 70 per cent since 2000 although the entire developed world has cut its defense spending. This conservative view of the world is utterly baseless. The global society today is more peaceful than it has ever been. There are fewer cases of conflicts, discrimination and genocide now than during the Cold War and earlier. Nuclear proliferation has been contained, military spending has declined and terrorist attacks have slumpedRead MoreThe War Of The Great And Hannibal Barca1388 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies or rulers. Many wars are now fought by the countries formed military, but many are not aware that battles are fought by a new kind of warrior, private military companies (PMC) or better known as mercenary army’s. A mercenary is traditionally defined as â€Å"a group or person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is motivated to take part in the hostilities by the desire for private gain or hire’. Mercenary armies have been around for decades, datingRead MoreThe Global War on Terror2359 Words   |  9 Pagesquestion the effectiveness of the War on Terror in the Middle East. By examining research conducted both prior to and after the September 11 attacks and the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, this paper demonstrates that overall participation in organized terror activities has increased overtime; therefore, the â€Å"War on Terror† has had minimal success in reducing the number of violent terror attacks and political violence groups in the Middle East. This paper will begin by defining terrorism and â€Å"WarRead MoreA Brief Note On The United War On The Middle East And Southeast Asia Remains Unstable1503 Words   |  7 PagesPersonnel in Afghanistan The War on Terrorism in the Middle East and Southwest Asia remains problematic. Though there are many problems within the Middle East, the narcotics problem in Southwest Asia remains one of the largest to date. It has been much debatable as to how to proceed in the combating of Narcotics in Afghanistan. There are many debatable arguments for the quick pull out, of all private and U.S. contract personnel out of Afghanistan to realign the methods to attack on the narcoticsRead MoreCyber Attacks And Its Effects On Business986 Words   |  4 Pagesnetwork(The Impact of Cybercrime on Business, 2012, pg.1 ). The biggest threat to the organization is the theft of intellectual property, business intelligence and the disruption of online processes has major strategic implication to both public and private organizations (Watkins, n.d.pg.2) The most prevalent attacks suffered by organizations suffer are social engineering attacks, viruses, worms and Trojans, Advanced Persistent (APT) attacks, denial of service (DOS) attacks and botnets(The Impact ofRead MoreAuthorization For Use Of Military Force1041 Words   |  5 Pages Authorization for Use of Military Force Essay Micah Johnston 24 January 2015 Dr. John Becker Comprehending the underlying authority for the President of the United States to authorize the international use of military operations in order to respond to an attack or as a counter-terrorism strategy, may be difficult to fathom for those who are not familiar with practices and philosophies associated in this realm. Conducting military operations against the Taliban government in AfghanistanRead MoreThe Effects of War on the U.S. Economy3070 Words   |  13 Pageseffects that our economy encounters in times of turmoil. From employment to credit and financial markets to the price of much needed commodities, no aspect of our economy can be said to remain unchanged during any given conflict. With the war in the Middle East entering its seventh year and past debt from World Wars I II still remaining on the national deficits’ books, what does this mean for our economy? Economists have drawn different conclusions on topics such as: 1. The economic cost of War onRead MoreThe war on terror Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesof Americans and nations near us. The War on Terror’s background originated through conflicts between warring countries in the Middle East; U.S. involvement started when a terrorist guided plane crashed into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 in New York City. The attack was suspected to be the work of the middle-eastern terrorist group Al-Qaeda. The U.S. military, under the leadership of then commander-in-chief George W. Bush, declared a â€Å"War on Terror† on the terrorist group and the fightingRead MoreThe Role Of Private Military Contractors ( Pmcs )1912 Words   |  8 PagesThesis: The role of private military contractors (PMCs) has expanded tremendously since the end of the Cold War when western governments began the process of trimming their bloated military forces. As privatization commenced, governments began to rely upon a new kind of contractor that sold not o nly hardware but also manpower and expertise. Even as conventional military forces declined, the need for highly capable, professional soldiers remained pressing, especially in conflict prone areas aroundRead MoreThe United States War On Terror1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthe nation against such a threat. The military was mobilized for a full invasion of the Middle East to capture these terrorists and hold them accountable for the lives lost. At the time the apparent center of terrorist activities was located in and around Afghanistan. One of the immediate goals of the American military was to track down the Taliban leader Osama bin Laden. This end would be pursued in what would be called Operation Enduring Freedom. As the military focused its scope against the Taliban

Private Military Contractors and the Middle East - 1433 Words

Throughout the Middle East, the use of private military contractors has significantly heightened, due to the call of attacks in these countries. PMC’s take up much cost for a country to fund, and the increasing rates are bringing drawbacks onto working citizens. However, there PMC’s are also vital in order for a country to maintain its armed security forces. On the other hand, mercenaries are people who take part in armed conflicts. The PMC’s hire these mercenaries to work under them in helping take part in hostilities, but receive benefits for their own gains. Recently, the United Nations Mercenary Convention (UNMC) has placed restrictions upon PMC’s in the use of mercenaries, in order to create specifications between commercial and government uses of these protection services. Sweden has very little support and funds for the use of these PMC’s, due to the lack of high military activity. Current Issues: In the Middle East, and other countries active in their military uses, are raising high questions of controversy against whether or not PMC’s should be implemented at an international scale. After these countries in the middle east have been hit with attacks, there has been thought on how to promote entrusted security for the countries. However, the use of these PMC’s can lead to security faults in diplomatic officials, and can cause unstable regions throughout a country as we have seen happen in Libya in 2012. On the contrary, PMC’s can be ideal in post-warShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Power Fettweis On American Foreign Policy2203 Words   |  9 Pagesproven by the fact the United States has increased its military spending by over 70 per cent since 2000 although the entire developed world has cut its defense spending. This conservative view of the world is utterly baseless. The global society today is more peaceful than it has ever been. There are fewer cases of conflicts, discrimination and genocide now than during the Cold War and earlier. Nuclear proliferation has been contained, military spending has declined and terrorist attacks have slumpedRead MoreThe War Of The Great And Hannibal Barca1388 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies or rulers. Many wars are now fought by the countries formed military, but many are not aware that battles are fought by a new kind of warrior, private military companies (PMC) or better known as mercenary army’s. A mercenary is traditionally defined as â€Å"a group or person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is motivated to take part in the hostilities by the desire for private gain or hire’. Mercenary armies have been around for decades, datingRead MoreThe Global War on Terror2359 Words   |  9 Pagesquestion the effectiveness of the War on Terror in the Middle East. By examining research conducted both prior to and after the September 11 attacks and the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, this paper demonstrates that overall participation in organized terror activities has increased overtime; therefore, the â€Å"War on Terror† has had minimal success in reducing the number of violent terror attacks and political violence groups in the Middle East. This paper will begin by defining terrorism and â€Å"WarRead MoreA Brief Note On The United War On The Middle East And Southeast Asia Remains Unstable1503 Words   |  7 PagesPersonnel in Afghanistan The War on Terrorism in the Middle East and Southwest Asia remains problematic. Though there are many problems within the Middle East, the narcotics problem in Southwest Asia remains one of the largest to date. It has been much debatable as to how to proceed in the combating of Narcotics in Afghanistan. There are many debatable arguments for the quick pull out, of all private and U.S. contract personnel out of Afghanistan to realign the methods to attack on the narcoticsRead MoreCyber Attacks And Its Effects On Business986 Words   |  4 Pagesnetwork(The Impact of Cybercrime on Business, 2012, pg.1 ). The biggest threat to the organization is the theft of intellectual property, business intelligence and the disruption of online processes has major strategic implication to both public and private organizations (Watkins, n.d.pg.2) The most prevalent attacks suffered by organizations suffer are social engineering attacks, viruses, worms and Trojans, Advanced Persistent (APT) attacks, denial of service (DOS) attacks and botnets(The Impact ofRead MoreAuthorization For Use Of Military Force1041 Words   |  5 Pages Authorization for Use of Military Force Essay Micah Johnston 24 January 2015 Dr. John Becker Comprehending the underlying authority for the President of the United States to authorize the international use of military operations in order to respond to an attack or as a counter-terrorism strategy, may be difficult to fathom for those who are not familiar with practices and philosophies associated in this realm. Conducting military operations against the Taliban government in AfghanistanRead MoreThe Effects of War on the U.S. Economy3070 Words   |  13 Pageseffects that our economy encounters in times of turmoil. From employment to credit and financial markets to the price of much needed commodities, no aspect of our economy can be said to remain unchanged during any given conflict. With the war in the Middle East entering its seventh year and past debt from World Wars I II still remaining on the national deficits’ books, what does this mean for our economy? Economists have drawn different conclusions on topics such as: 1. The economic cost of War onRead MoreThe war on terror Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesof Americans and nations near us. The War on Terror’s background originated through conflicts between warring countries in the Middle East; U.S. involvement started when a terrorist guided plane crashed into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 in New York City. The attack was suspected to be the work of the middle-eastern terrorist group Al-Qaeda. The U.S. military, under the leadership of then commander-in-chief George W. Bush, declared a â€Å"War on Terror† on the terrorist group and the fightingRead MoreThe Role Of Private Military Contractors ( Pmcs )1912 Words   |  8 PagesThesis: The role of private military contractors (PMCs) has expanded tremendously since the end of the Cold War when western governments began the process of trimming their bloated military forces. As privatization commenced, governments began to rely upon a new kind of contractor that sold not o nly hardware but also manpower and expertise. Even as conventional military forces declined, the need for highly capable, professional soldiers remained pressing, especially in conflict prone areas aroundRead MoreThe United States War On Terror1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthe nation against such a threat. The military was mobilized for a full invasion of the Middle East to capture these terrorists and hold them accountable for the lives lost. At the time the apparent center of terrorist activities was located in and around Afghanistan. One of the immediate goals of the American military was to track down the Taliban leader Osama bin Laden. This end would be pursued in what would be called Operation Enduring Freedom. As the military focused its scope against the Taliban

How Hipaa Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process

Running head: HOW HIPAA VIOLATIONS AFFECT THE MEDICAL BILLING How HIPAA Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process Brenda Beaver Axia Of UOP How HIPAA Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process HIPAA confidentiality is important for very patient but for some reasons when they hear someone has HIV or AIDS it gives them the right to talk about it with others which have no reason to know. I will show why it is so important to be sensitive to this type of health conditions. Will examine the social, legal, and ethical ramifications of improper information disclosure. HIPAA affects the billing process by making sure that patient demographics are accurate and kept confidential. There should be in the patient’s file an†¦show more content†¦Confidentiality Issues: all patient information must be kept confidential and shared only with the appropriate staff involved in the care of the patient. Patient records must be kept out of sight so that for example the cleaning crew cannot look at it and other patients cannot view it. Discussing the case with anyone outside the medical office. HIPAA is for the protection, us e, and disclosure of protected health information (Ramutkowski, Booth, Pugh, Thompson, , 2008). People that have AIDS or HIV are more sensitive to sharing their health information than others because it could cost them their job. The people that contract these diseases are subject to scrutiny from the public. Since people automatically think that they are gay or lesbian but they are not the only ones that can get HIV or AIDS. When a person is revealed to have HIV or AIDS, he or she may be immediately discriminated against. HIV and AIDS require lifetime treatment that is very expensive to treat (HHS.gov, 2006). Unauthorized disclosure of a person’s positive HIV or AIDS status can lead to job loss; cancellation of insurance; evictions; and loss of friends and colleagues. The United States has developed a set of standards to keep a person’s HIV or AIDS status confidential as well as their other medical conditions. This is called the Health Insurance Portability and Accoun tability Act of 1996. All information is kept private from anyone except that person aShow MoreRelatedHow Hipaa Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process1652 Words   |  7 PagesHow HIPAA Violations Affect The Medical Billing Process HCR/220 September 23. 2012 How HIPAA Violations Affect The Medical Billing Process HIV and AIDS are two very serious diseases which first came known and reported in the U.S. in 1981. Today it is estimated that 1.7 million people in the U.S. have been infected with HIV since that date 619,000 people have already died from it. The CDC, (Center For Disease Control) estimates that every one in five people living with HIV, are unaware thatRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1086 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Affordable Care Act regarding the billing of medical claims. According to Palmer (n.d.), many medical professionals feel the Affordable Care Act piles on unnecessary problems regarding billing and reimbursement tasks. The Affordable Care Act is trying to improve the timing of reimbursement and also revenue management, needless to say, different practices, hospitals and medical billing companies are under more scrutiny to streamline the billing process. Palmer (n.d.) also stated that criticsRead MoreThe Implementation Of The Compliance Plan1313 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction. Here at O’Kelly Medical Practice it is our goal to maintain an effective compliance plan that is in accordance with the compliance program guidance that is set by the Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The purpose of this compliance plan is to avoid and identify any violations of both law and company policy (hcma-consulting.com). Compliance Plan Objectives. The basic objectives to this compliance plan are as follows. The first is to preventRead MorePatient Rights And The Hipaa Privacy Rule1978 Words   |  8 PagesNancy J. Long 823 S. George St, Front York, PA 17403 ID# 22421209 Law and Ethics for Medical Careers HIT 105 Research project number: 40936500 Patient Rights and the HIPAA Privacy Rule According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services many consumers want to engage in a more active role concerning their health care, therefore, it is important to know what rights you have in obtaining and protecting (called the right to access) your personal health information (Department of SecretaryRead MoreLaw And Ethics Of Medicine1860 Words   |  8 PagesNancy J Long 823 S. George St, Front York, PA 17403 ID# 22421209 Law and Ethics in Medicine HIT 105 Research project number: 40936500 1) Does HIPAA affect a patient’s right to access his/her medical records or determine who can see the information? If so, describe the patient’s right. What can a patient do if he/she believes the rights are being denied? According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services many consumers want to engage in a more active role with regards to their healthRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) affects every aspect of health care from patient privacy to insurance coverage. The federal act was first passed in 1996, yet the first major rule did not go into effect until 2003, protecting patient privacy. HIPAA ultimately came into effect due to the issues regarding patient privacy, security and coverage. Another major concern for both health care workers and the public was the exchange of patient information from oneRead MoreHealthcare Claims and Processing1600 Words   |  7 PagesInsurance Portability And Accountability Act (HIPAA) and its impact on healthcare claims processing. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was created, in part, to make health insurance portable in an attempt to address the problem of the growing amount of people that are uninsured and underinsured (NASW,2002). The Act allows a person with preexisting medical issues to get health insurance when changing jobs. HIPAA also addressed healthcare fraud and abuse. A significantRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 19962025 Words   |  9 Pagessection of this act that has a pervasive effect on health plans, billing agencies, information systems vendors, and other providers. Within the provisions of this section, HIPAA requires improved efficiency in healthcare delivery by standardized in electronic data interchange (EDI) and protection of confidentiality and security of health data through setting and enforcing standards. (HIPAA). . Accreditation is the evaluation process in healthcare systems that ensure that it is conduc ting businessRead MoreI Will Define Hipaa Law2049 Words   |  9 Pagesinitiated it, when it was initiated, the goals of the EHR, and how the Affordable Care Act and the Obama administration are tied into it. Then I will show evidence of research and discuss the six steps of this process as well as my facilities progress with EHR. Then I will describe meaningful use and how my facility attained it. Finally, I will define HIPAA law, the possible threats to patient confidentiality relating to EHR, and how what my facility is doing to prevent patient confidentiality fromRead MoreA Laptop Belonging At Kaiser Permanentes Stolen From An Employees Car1573 Words   |  7 Pagesimplementing safeguards/regulatory guidelines to protect patient information. According to Smith (2000) â€Å"Threats to medical record privacy include: (a) administrative actions such as errors that release, misclassify, lose information or compromise accuracy; (b) misuse by users; and (c) uncontrolled access to t he medical record. Heath care computerization is an increased threat to medical record privacy through enabling the storage of large amounts of data in small places. Therefore, when an intruder

Execution of Light Rail Framework Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Execution of Light Rail Framework. Answer: Introduction Light Rail framework is mainly designed for improving the efficiency of the transport system and reducing traffic on the streets of this city that is Adelaide which is well known of Australia (Clarke, 2012). The design of this light rail framework is such a way that it relates to the framework is properly checked which is essential for the development (Dennis, Wixom Tegarden, 2015). LRT is evaluated with the certain areas that needed for the support and deployment of this project in Adelaide (Cunha, Garis Riesco, 2015). LRT is mainly essential for the evaluation during the preparation of this given report. During the evaluation of the framework many problems are faced (Hawkins et al., 2013). During development of lifecycle model which is required for upgradation of LTR is mainly discussed and evaluated in this particular report. The preliminary design is mainly established for the upgradation of the framework which is mainly discussed in this report (Soni Khaliq, 2015). Description of design and its methodology is mainly focused for the upgradation of the system (Moore, 2016). In the final stage the light rail transit framework mainly focuses on testing errors which can be generated at the time of its deployed of the given framework (Sachdeva, Sunita, 2015). SLDC model is mainly used for the upgradation of the system and a schedule of project management is mainly created for managing the module and keeping a track on the progress of the given and mainly aims in increasing the efficiency which is mainly required for the development of this project. Preliminary design Light rail framework design mainly consists of overhead lines of electricity, tracking of layout and mainly covering the essential region of the city and the particular model mainly focuses on framework of rail transits (Valacich, George Hoffer, 2015). The tracks of the framework of LRT mainly focuses to design a such a way the passengers will feel a safe and comfortable journey with reduced vibration and jerk. The motor which is mainly used for running the engine of this LRT mainly requires to be powerful with various steps and cliffs (Smith, 2015). Implementation of light rail transport in Adelaide can be successful if it satisfies the proper needs of the city and which will ultimately bring benefit to the given city (Moore, 2016). Tracks which are used for LRT mainly needs to be combined with the metro which will ultimately reduce the development cost. Speed of this light rail track is mainly required to be checked for various routes (Rosen et al., 2012). GPS tracking system must be installed in this light rail which will provide real time update of present position and also calculates the distance that is covered by this LRT (Sun Chao, 2013). The tracks are designed in such way that various road ways can be used for keeping the track and sharing it with different vehicle that is running on the road (Hanumantharaju, Ravishankar Rameshbabu, 2013). The quality of transportation can be improved by using of proper insulation and maintaining silence in the cabin. The capacity of carrying passenger mainly requires to be improved with various changes in the present design (Dennis, Wixom Tegarden, 2015). Usage of SDLC model can be beneficial for the upgradation of framework with minimizing the faults which is mainly generated during the implementation of the project (Hawkins et al., 2013). A proper analysis is needed to be done for collecting all the problems which is related during the implementation of the network (Huda, Arya Khan, 2015). System that is designed mainly focuses on various feature and techniques which are essential for making the project successful (Soni Khaliq, 2015). For reaching the following step on the co mplementation of previous stage and the various errors must be checked (Valacich, George Hoffer, 2015). Now if an error is detected in the any phase then it is duty of developer to come back to the earlier step for the correction of any error and continuing with left portion of the projects. Detailed design and development The development of light rail framework in Adelaide and various aims of the project of is required to be checked. Various things like infrastructure of the building like platform and bridges are required to be analyzed for the deployment of this LRT (Smith, 2015). The present areas of the city traffic and various areas are needed to be checked (Valacich, George Hoffer, 2015). The available scope of upgradation and infrastructure that can be used for reducing the cost of the network which ultimately aims in reducing the total cost and can also be proved for improving efficiency of the given network. The methodology that is chosen for the development of LRT mainly requires confirmation which works with the development of LRT (Rosen et al., 2012). For the proper development of the framework the basic or preliminary design needs to be evaluated and cost of life cycle also needs to be considered. The forthcoming design stage and the price is analyzed which is needed to be done and the li fe cycle of the project needs to be checked (Clarke, 2012). Various tools which are used for project management is mainly required for scheduling project and development of lifecycle which is stated in development stage for the upgradation of framework (Vir Mann, 2013). Project needs to be created as per the structure of work breakdown. It is the duty of the project manager to check different resources of activity which can be easily checked in the various phase of development of project (Messersmith McIntosh, 2015). The total cost of the project can be easily calculated from the schedule and total coverage area needs to be checked with proper budget (Cunha, Garis Riesco, 2015). In pre design phase various things like length of track and area of coverage needs to be checked (Smith, 2015). Now in the post design a proper analysis is required and all the information mainly requires to be checked and various details of the network is checked for calculation which ultimately increases the cost of the project (Huda, Arya Khan, 2015). The cost of maintenance is also required to be checked in the post design analysis with repayment cost of current structure and replacing the framework which is inclusive of cost of maintenance (Sachdeva, Sunita, 2015). The system outline is mainly designed in such that it can cover the predesign stage and post design stage which is mainly required for the detailed design for the development of LRT. Development of this project mainly depends the workers that are available and help from the local community of this Australian city that is Adelaide (Messersmith McIntosh, 2015). A proper analysis is made on the present network of the LRT of the city and upgradation that can be easily made after the usage of the new design which is provided to them (Sun Chao, 2013). The project needs to be divided into various categories is checked for the proper evaluation of the system and structure is designed properly for satisfying the basic needs of the project. System test, evaluation validation and optimization A proper testing of system needs to done on the present framework of LRT and an approach is required to be made on the various methodology of testing which is required for the infrastructure (Rosen et al., 2012). Planning mainly involves building up of proper design for the given frame work and also test the various capabilities which are mainly required for LRT system (Sun Chao, 2013). For providing the needs of the project the best performance of the project needs to be checked. The starting point of the project needs to be checked as per the approach of system engineering (Dennis, Wixom Tegarden, 2015). A proper update is made on the model which is required for calculating the estimation of the test after deployment and increasing the outcome or efficiency of the system (Hanumantharaju, Ravishankar Rameshbabu, 2013). Various models are available for the implementation of this light rail framework (Messersmith McIntosh, 2015). Various difficulties are faced by the proper model and is checked and compared with the given model for deployment and making the project a huge success (Sharon Dori, 2015). Validation of the given project is mainly required to be checked after analyzing the given project with other different successful projects (Sachdeva, Sunita, 2015). Various risk that are associated with implementation of the system needs to be checked as per the framework (Soni Khaliq, 2015). The mode of failure and its effect on analysis mainly requires to checked or managed for proper analysis during the upgradation of this project (Cunha, Garis Riesco, 2015). Various logic can be easily applied and data containing vital information needs to be collected (Hawkins et al., 2013). Brainstorming methodology and analysis of qualitative and quantitative must be required for the upgradation of the current framework of the given organization (Moore, 2016). Various risk that are involved in the input and output of the system needs to be controlled with various strategy of testing (Clarke, 2012). The various parts that are used for the implementation of the framework and usage of various service for checking the purpose and the framework of the given LRT project in Adelaide by using system development life cycle model (Huda, Arya Khan, 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be easily stated that the application of SDLC model is important for the development of LRT in Adelaide. A proper design is made for the provide the project and after that documentation of the project is made. Detail design is mainly composed of various function that are mainly required to be added and a proper methodology which is mainly essential for keeping a track of progress of this project in Adelaide. Validation of the project is mainly required to be selected for keeping a track on the progress of the given project that is LRT. The project must satisfy the needs of the project which is essential for the success of the project. It is the duty of project manager make use of different available project management tools which are essential for checking the proper budget and routine of the given project and as per the requirement it mainly monitors the progress of the project as per the requirement. The system mainly needs to be tested as per the s chedule and proper cost of the project needs to be evaluated for the proper upgradation of the given project. The preliminary design is mainly established for the upgradation of the framework which is mainly discussed in this report (Soni Khaliq, 2015). Description of design and its methodology is mainly focused for the upgradation of the system (Moore, 2016). In the final stage the light rail transit framework mainly focuses on testing errors which can be generated at the time of its deployed of the given framework (Sachdeva, Sunita, 2015). References Clarke, S. (2012). Information systems strategic management: An integrated approach. Routledge. Cunha, A., Garis, A., Riesco, D. (2015). Translating between Alloy specifications and UML class diagrams annotated with OCL. Software Systems Modeling, 14(1), 5-25. Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., Tegarden, D. (2015).Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Hanumantharaju, M. C., Ravishankar, M., Rameshbabu, D. R. (2013). Design of Novel Algorithm and Architecture for Gaussian Based Color Image Enhancement System for Real Time Applications. In Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (pp. 595-608). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau?Bettez, G., Strmman, A. H. (2013). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17(1), 53-64. Huda, M., Arya, Y. D. S., Khan, M. H. (2015). Quantifying Reusability of Object Oriented Design: A Testability Perspective.Journal of Software Engineering and Applications,8(4), 175. Messersmith, C., McIntosh, B. (2015). Capturing Bad Design Practices in Object-Oriented Code. Moore, F. (2016). Peo Life Cycle Cost Accountability: Viability Of Foreign Suppliers For Weapon System Development. Air War College Maxwell Air Force Base. Rosen, M., Lublinsky, B., Smith, K. T., Balcer, M. J. (2012). Applied SOA: service-oriented architecture and design strategies. John Wiley Sons. Sachdeva, A., Sunita, M. (2015). An Empirical and Analytical View of New Inheritance Metric for Object-Oriented Design. Sharon, A., Dori, D. (2015). A ProjectProduct ModelBased Approach to Planning Work Breakdown Structures of Complex System Projects. IEEE Systems Journal, 9(2), 366-376. Smith, B. (2015). Object-Oriented Design A Revisit. InAdvanced ActionScript 3(pp. 357-371). Apress. Soni, N., Khaliq, M. (2015). Maintainability estimation of object-oriented software: Design phase perspective.Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng,4(3), 538-542. Sun, S. P., Chao, W. S. (2013). An Architecture-Oriented Design Method For Gaming Business Administration Systems. In C], Asia Pacific Conference on Gambling Commercial Gaming Research (APCG2013), Taiwan. Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education. Vir, R., Mann, P. S. (2013). A hybrid approach for the prediction of fault proneness in object oriented design using fuzzy logic.journal of academia and industrial research, 661-666.

Theory X, Y, and Z Essay Example

Theory X, Y, and Z Paper Comparison and Contrast on Theory XY and Z Douglas McGregor suggested that there are two different ways in which we can look at workers attitudes toward work. Each of these views, which McGregor called Theory X and Theory Y, has implications for management. Theory X (authoritarian management style) -People do not really like to work and will avoid it if at all possible so they must be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to work. -The average worker avoids responsibility, is unambitious and wants security more than anything else. Management based on Theory X is paternalistic at best and, at very least, authoritarian. -Rewards and punishment are assumed in this theory to be the key to employee productivity. Theory X managers believe that workers are only motivated by one thing money. They are selfish, lazy and hate work. They need to be closely controlled and directed. Theory Y (participative management style) The theory Y is to some extent the opposi te image of X -Effort in work is as natural as rest and play. People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, and the external control or the threat of punishment is not the only means of getting them to work. -Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement. The most important reward: satisfaction of their own ego needs. -People usually accept and often seek responsibility. -Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. In modern industry the intellectual potential of the average person is only partly utilized. Theory Y managers believe that Workers are motivated by many different factors apart from money. They enjoy their work and they will happily take on responsibility and make decisions for the business. Theory z William Ouchi Theory Z makes certain assumptions about workers: People tend to want to build cooperative and intimate working rela tionships with those that they work for and with, as well as the people that work for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory X, Y, and Z specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory X, Y, and Z specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory X, Y, and Z specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They have a high need to be supported by the company, and highly value a working environment in which such things as family, cultures and traditions, and social institutions are regarded as equally important as the work itself. They have a very well developed sense of order, discipline, moral obligation to work hard, and a sense of cohesion with their fellow workers. Finally, Theory Z workers can be trusted to do their jobs to their utmost ability, so long as management can be trusted to support them and look out for their well being. One of the best aspects of theory Z is the long-term employment which would appeal to Americans because they want job security. The collective decision making will create a good work environment and increase productivity. Something that Americans wont like is the slow evaluation and promotion. Americans dont like to wait years before they can get a promotion and they would rather get a new job instead. Another great benefit is that the company will have holistic concern for you and your family. Theory Z also places more reliance on the attitude and responsibilities of the workers, whereas McGregors XY theory is mainly focused on management and motivation from the managers and organizations perspective. Comparison Contrast Douglas McGregor tends to categorize people as one type or another: either being unwilling or unmotivated to work, or being self-motivated towards work. Threats and disciplinary action are thought to be used more effectively in this situation, although monetary rewards can also be a prime motivator to make Theory X workers produce more. William Ouchi believes that people are innately self-motivated to not only do their work, but are loyal towards the company, and want to make the company succeed. Theory X leaders would be more authoritarian, while Theory Y leaders would be more participative. But in both cases it seems that the managers would still retain a great deal of control. Theory Z managers would have to have a great deal of trust that their workers could make sound decisions. Therefore, this type of leader is more likely to act as coach, and let the workers make most of the decisions. As mentioned above, McGregors managers, in both cases, would seem to keep most of the power and authority. In the case of Theory Y, the manager would take suggestions from workers, but would keep the power to implement the decision. Theory Z suggests that the managers ability to exercise power and authority comes from the workers trusting management to take care of them, and allow them to do their jobs. The workers have a great deal of input and weight in the decision making process. Conflict in the Theory Z arena would involve a great deal of discussion, collaboration, and negotiation. The workers would be the ones solving the conflicts, while the managers would play more of a third party arbitrator role. This type of manager might be more likely to exercise a great deal of Power based conflict resolution style, especially with the Theory X workers. Theory Y workers might be given the opportunity to exert Negotiating strategies to solve their own differences. Theory Z emphasizes more frequent performance appraisals, but slower promotions, while according to Theory X, appraisals occur on a regular basis. Promotions also occur on a regular basis.

Persuasive Speech Essays - Babycare, Diapers, Childrens Clothing

Persuasive Speech Title: The Harms of Disposable Diapers General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To discourage the audience from using disposable diapers. Pattern of organization: Refutative I Introduction A) Survey says children. Would rather use disposable diapers. Nothing wrong with disposable. B) Well, in reality there are negative effects from using disposable diaper that can affect the environment and the health of you and your children. C) Do best for family D) Educate on the impact that producing, using, and disposing II Body A) Production impact 1) Environmental and health concerns right to doorstep. Chop down four or five trees to make 500 kg of fluffy wood pulp baby will use in 2 ? years. (Catherine McDiarmid, 1997 Environmental Concerns) Then you will need just for your child, over 2,800 cubic meters of nonrenewable natural gas to make 325 kg of plastic for the waterproof backing and packaging for the 6,000 disposable diapers your child will use. 2) (Jane McConnell, 1998, The Joy of Cloth Diapers) It takes about 82,000 tons of plastic and a quarter million trees to manufacture the disposable diapers that cover the bottoms of 90% of the babies born in the U.S. each year. 3) (The Canadian Cloth Diaper Association, 1997, The Facts: Cloth Versus Disposable Diapers) For the convenience of using disposable diapers, you are helping release wastewater produced by processing the pulp, paper and plastic that contains solvents, sludge, heavy metals, unreacted polymers, dioxins, and furans that will make their way into your neighborhood air and water. B) Health hazards 1) Forget environment, toxic chemicals and baby. (Candace Brecevic, 2000, Disposing of Disposables) Newborn skin has an underdeveloped outer layer, through which chemicals are more readily absorbed and into the fat cells. 2) (Jane McConnell, 1998, The Joy of Cloth Diapers) Disposable diapers subjects your babies skin to a chemical by-product of the paper bleaching process known as Dioxin. Trace quantities may exist in the diapers themselves and the chemical has been known to cause birth defects, liver damage, and skin diseases. 3) Babies exposed to questionable chemicals. Sodium polyacrylate (Jane McConnell, 1998, The Joy of Cloth Diapers) this is what makes superabsorbent diapers so absorbent. This material absorbs up to 100 times its weight in water. (Candace Brecevic, 2000, Disposing of Disposables) Studies show that when this chemical becomes wet it is even more absorbent and pulls moisture from baby's body. Sodium polyacrylate is the same substance that was removed from tampons in 1985 because of its link to toxic shock syndrome. No studies have been done on the long-term effects of this chemical being in contact with a baby's reproductive organs 24 hours a day for upwards of two years. 4) Feel dry when wet. Less frequent changing. Longer exposure to bacteria from urine, which can cause diaper rash or other bacterial infections. Plastic does not breath to let out the ammonia formed in the bacterial breakdown of urine. 5) With all the chemicals (2000, Disposable Diapers Linked to Asthma) A Study published in the October, 1999 issue of the Archives of Environmental Health found that laboratory mice exposed to various brands of disposable diapers suffered increased eye, nose, and throat irritation, including bronchoconstriction similar to that of an asthma attack. 6) Another issue is safety, (Candace Brecevic, 2000, Disposing of Disposables) some disposable diapers have been linked to suffocation. The plastic exterior of the diaper is removable to aid in disposal. However, it can be removed by your baby and can be as dangerous as letting them play with a plastic bag. The absorbent padding with the sodium polyacrylate can also be pulled apart by your baby and stuffed into their mouth and nose. To top it off, the sticky tabs are not always strongly attached and if removed may be ingested. C) Disposing of Disposables 1) Exposing child to questionable chemicals, bacterial infection, and suffocation. Remove t soiled diaper, flushing the human waste, throw in trash ( Catherine McDiarmid, 1997,Environmental Concerns) you will be adding 214 pounds of raw fecal matter into our landfill sites which are not designed to handle human waste. As many as 100 viruses can survive in your babies soiled diaper for up to two weeks, including live polio viruses, excreted from your recently vaccinated baby. Rainwater washing through dumps can carry these viruses into underground streams and from there

Index to French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary

Index to French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary This index to the glossary of French grammar and pronunciation terms treated in our lessons provides definitions and links to further information about each of the French verb tenses, pronouns, and other grammatical structures weve discussed. It also includes information about various pronunciation issues. You can search for definitions by topic or by using the full alphabetical list in either  English  or  French; all definitions are in English. Or you can get just the highlights:  top grammar terms. English Index Aactive voiceadjectiveadverbadverbial pronounadverb of frequencyadverb of manneradverb of placeadverb of quantityadverb of timeagentagreementantecedentarticleauxiliary verbCclausecomparative adverbcognatecompound pastcompound tenseconditionalconditional perfectconditionalsconditional sentenceconjunctionconjugateconjugationcoordinating conjunctioncopular verbDdefinite articledemonstrative adjectivedemonstrative pronoundependent clausedescriptive adjectivedirect objectdirect object complementdirect object pronoundisjunctive pronoundummy subjectEeuphonyFfalse cognatefamiliarfeminineformalfuturefuture anteriorfuture perfectfuture subjunctiveGgenderHhelping verbhiatushistoric pasthistorical tenseIif-then clauseimperativeimperfectimperfect subjunctiveimpersonal pronounimpersonal verbindefinite articleindefinite adjectiveindefinite pronounindefinite relative pronounindependent clauseindicativeindirect objectindirect object complementindirect object pronouninfinitiveinflectioninformalinterro gative adjectiveinterrogative adverbinterrogative pronounintransitive verbinversionLliaisonlinkinglinking verbliterary registerliterary tenseMmain clausemasculinemoodNnarrative tensenear futurenegative adjectivenegative adverbnegative pronounnormal registernounnumberOobjectPparticiplepartitive articlepassive voicepast anteriorpast conditionalpast infinitivepast participlepast perfectpast perfect subjunctivepast subjunctiveperfect participlepersonpersonal pronounpersonal verbpluperfectpluperfect subjunctivepluralpossessive adjectivepossessive pronounprepositionpresentpresent participlepresent perfectpreteritepronominal verbpronominal voicepronounproper nounRreal subjectrecent pastregisterreflexive pronounreflexive verbrelative clauserelative pronounSsimple pastsimple tensesingularstate-of-being verbstressed pronounsubjectsubject pronounsubjunctivesubordinate clausesubordinating conjunctionsuperlative adverbTtensetransitive verbtrue cognateVverbverb conjugationvoicevulgar (register) French Index Aaccordadjectifadjectif dà ©monstratifadjectif descriptifadjectif indà ©finiadjectif interrogatifadjectif nà ©gatifadjectif possessifadverbeadverbe comparatifadverbe de frà ©quenceadverbe de lieuadverbe de manià ¨readverbe de quantità ©adverbe de tempsadverbe interrogatifadverbe nà ©gatifadverbe superlatifagentantà ©cà ©dentapparentà ©argotiquearticlearticle dà ©finiarticle indà ©finiarticle partitifauxiliaireCCODCOIcomplà ©ment dobjet directcomplà ©ment dobjet indirectconditionnelconditionnel passà ©conjonctionconjonction de coordinationconjonction de subordinationconjugaisonconjuguercopuleDdà ©sinenceEenchaà ®nementeuphonieFfamilierfaux amifà ©mininformelfuturfutur antà ©rieurfutur passà ©futur procheGgenreHhiatusIimparfaitimparfait du subjonctifimpà ©ratifindicatifinfinitifinfinitif passà ©inversionLliaisonlittà ©raireMmasculinmodemot apparentà ©Nnomnom proprenombrenormalOobjetobjet directobjet indirectPparticipeparticipe passà ©participe prà ©sentpassà © antà ©rieurpassà © composà ©passà © composà © du participe prà ©sentpassà © rà ©centpassà © simplepersonnephrase de conditionplurielplus-que-parfaitplus-que-parfait du subjonctifpopulaireprà ©positionprà ©sentprà ©tà ©ritpronompronom adverbialpronom dà ©monstratifpronom disjointpronom impersonnelpronom indà ©finipronom indà ©fini relatifpronom interrogatifpronom nà ©gatifpronom objet directpronom objet indirectpronom personnelpronom possessifpronom rà ©flà ©chipronom relatifpronom sujetpropositionproposition conditionnelleproposition dà ©pendanteproposition indà ©pendanteproposition principaleproposition relativeproposition subordonnà ©eproposition subordonnà ©e relativeRregistreSsi clausesinguliersubjonctifsubjonctif futursubjonctif passà ©sujetsujet apparentsujet rà ©elTtempstemps composà ©temps de la narrationtemps historiquetemps littà ©rairetemps simpleVverbeverbe auxiliaireverbe copulatifverbe impersonnelverbe intransitifverbe pronominalverbe rà © flà ©chiverbe transitifvoixvrai amivulgaire Topic Index Adjectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  demonstrative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  descriptive adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  possessive adjectiveAdverbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of manner  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of place  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of quantity  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of time  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  superlative adverbAgreement  Ã‚  Ã‚  gender  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  Ã‚  Ã‚  adjectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  articles  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronounsClauses  Ã‚  Ã‚  dependent clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  if-then clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  independent clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  main clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  relative clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  subordinate clauseConjunctions  Ã‚  Ã‚  coordinating conjunction  Ã‚  Ã‚  subordinating conjunctionObjects  Ã‚  Ã‚  object  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object complement/pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indirect object  Ã‚  Ã‚  indirect object complement/pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  intransitive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  transitive verbParts of speech  Ã‚  Ã‚  adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  article  Ã‚  Ã‚  conjunction  Ã‚  Ã‚  noun  Ã‚  Ã‚  preposition  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  verbPronouns  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  demonstrative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  disjunctive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  impersonal pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  personal pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  possessive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronominal verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  reflexive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  stressed pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  subject pronounPronunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  cognate  Ã‚  Ã‚  euphony  Ã‚  Ã‚  hiatus  Ã‚  Ã‚  liaison  Ã‚  Ã‚  linkingVerbs* conjugate/conjugation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  inflection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  person  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  voice* compound tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  auxiliary/helping verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  compound past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future anterior/perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past perfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past anterior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present perfect* historical/literary/narrative tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  historic past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past anterior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect subjunctive* inversion* mood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   imperative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indicative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  subjunctive* participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perfect participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present participle* simple tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  historic past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  preterite  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  simple past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  subjunctive* types of verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  copular verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  impersonal verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  intransitive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronominal/reflexive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  transitive ver bMiscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  agent  Ã‚  Ã‚  antecedent  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  / conditional sentence  Ã‚  Ã‚  proper noun  Ã‚  Ã‚  register  Ã‚  Ã‚  subject  Ã‚  Ã‚   - dummy subject  Ã‚  Ã‚   - real subject

Stock Market Project - Family Dollar Stores Inc Essay

Stock Market Project - Family Dollar Stores Inc - Essay Example Company Information The Family Dollar Stores Inc was opened in 1959 and is now operating more than 6000 stores across the country. Its one of the largest regional based chains in US engaged in the retail business across the different states in the country. The firm is basically considered as a preference by the consumers who are willing to save on their groceries and other retail items. Though not all the items are sold under $1 however, the overall prices are reasonable and considered as affordable by most of the consumers. Major products of the firm include clothing, food and other household items. Firm is a regional business with little or no presence in other countries of the world however, it has achieved tremendous growth in its domestic market by regularly opening new stores across the country. Firm is reseller and sell retail items such durable and non-durable consumer goods. Competitors’ Overview and Industry Trends Major competitors of the firm include Wal-Mart, Doll ar Generation Corporation as well as Dollar Tree Inc. Wal-Mart is quite bigger in the size with international presence in different countries of the world. However, Wal-Mart is a not a typical dollar store though it offers low priced products to its customers. Other competitors are more or less same in size of the firm and are serving different niche markets. (Hoovers, 2011) Industry trends suggest that personal income as well as the fashion trends will be the dominating factors in clothing and other retail segments. Due to the current economic crisis, the overall purchasing power of the consumers has declined thus restricting the consumers to spend lavishly. Financial Analysis The overall operating margin of the firm is over 7% with profit margin in the range of 4.5% during the current period of 2010. Sales for the period ending August 2010 showed an increase of 6.3% despite the fact that the overall economic situation of the country was not feasible due to current economic crisis. Recent figures for the quarter also suggest that the firm has been able to record a return on equity of 28.70% with total return on assets of approximately 13%. This performance suggest that the firm has been able to perform well during the period and consistently recorded better performance despite difficult economic situation prevailing in the country. Stock’s Performance Analysis Firm has a total market capitalization of more than $6 Billions with 122 millions shares outstanding. Past 52 weeks range of prices suggest that the firm has hit the high value of $55.590 whereas the lowest price during the same period was recorded at $35.31. (Bloomberg, 2011). It is also important to note that the firm has been able to withstand the poison pill by rejecting the takeover bid from Peltz Train. (Burritt, 2011) A closer analysis of the firm’s stock performance would suggest that the overall share prices of the firm’s stock fluctuated over the period of time. During the first few years from 2003, the overall prices gradually increased while facing a dip in the prices during 2006. (Yahoo Finance, 2011). It is also important to note that the share prices of the firm remained stable during the current financial crisis despite the fact that overall consumer activity was low. This may however, be attributed to the fact that firm is considered as cheap chain store offering low cost products to

Effective Team and Performance Management Essay - 5

Effective Team and Performance Management - Essay Example 362). Therefore, an organization must always look for ways of bringing together all the departments to ensure that the specific goals and objectives are achieved. According to Furnham et al, (1993, p. 245-257), in an organization setting, the sources of conflict are varied. Many conflicts are related to psychological factors such as wrong attitudes towards accomplishing given tasks. Some members will normally not co-operate in various areas of an organization due to psychological factors that they pose. Some members may also have emotional problems which will be expressed at most times while the employees are working together. For example, some may show signs of ranging temper, some resentment while others become indifferent during moments of team work. They may not be able to bring forth their ideas with ease, hindering team work. There are also several behavioral practices that work contrary to team work (Kaplan & Miller 1987, p. 346-360). For example, some members may withdraw fro m the team, others choosing to choose the team members that they would want to work with. This will obviously hinder cooperation in the organization. Leadership plays a key role in the achievement of team work within the corporate world. A leader is any individual who is able to influence the employees towards a specific direction. Leadership may come from any level or department within an organizations setting (Kaplan & Miller 1987, p. 346-360). It is important that appropriate leadership is given, so that all the employees move towards the same direction. In this report, I reflect on various activities that have we have undertaken as a group, in the bid to learn more on the topic of team work. I use the tasks to understand how well team work can be accomplished within an organization. The outcomes of the teamwork within our group indicate the issues that surround cooperation and cohesion within the organizations. Reflection of various the tasks undertaken During our class work, we were called upon to take various tasks as groups. They would either be seminar activities or weekly activities. One of these activities included the egg flying contest. In this case, I and other team members were called upon to use all the resources that were available to ensure that an egg would not breaking after being dropped from a height of 2 meters. Several resources were availed to us, which included: six straws, one balloon, three elastic buds six cotton buds, and four papers; each one and a half centimeters. The task ahead was to be able to put our minds together and see how the materials available to us were of use. The team members had to use the resources ahead of them with a lot of care. The resources were limited, yet the given task had to be accomplished. There was need for the team to give way for a leader, one who everybody would listen to and who would give direction on how exactly to use the materials to accomplish the task ahead. In such a moment, most members f eared to fail, they wanted to be correct and perform the task to success. Therefore, a strong leader, one who would take into considerate the task ahead was needed. Our next exercise involved investigation of Cambridge crime. In this case, the team was supposed to investigate a crime scene that had happened in the nearby location. The accurate information in such a scenario was of great

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Management - Essay Example Mergers of existing power player like Vodafone and Hochstein also made the situation more vulnerable for entrants, thus making them mighty and unbeatable. For better hold on coverage, working in collaboration with government is highly beneficial for entrants (ZDNet Australia). Due to substantial growth in the industry over a decade, industry has reached a level of saturation. Therefore, there is a considerable decline in prices and rise in number of buyers. They include kids from 12 years of age to adults 0f 60 years. Buyers are driving force for providers; in order to keep them loyal Miller Ltd. needs to provide and edge in price for competitive advantage. Mobile service industry in Australia is multiple sectors. In a flourishing industry like Australian telecommunication, monopoly can’t survive is today’s market. Market is diverse which include manufacturing of hardware, carriage service providers (CSPs), content service providers and retailers. The report by Economic access and ATMA briefly describe the market. Ericsson Australia, Nokia Siemens and Alcatel-Lucent are infrastructure provider in hardware sector. Nokia, Samsung, LG, i-Mate have market in consumer goods. CSPs provide services by utilizing carrier network infrastructure and have different levels; mobile telecommunication carriers in Australia are; Telstra, Vodafone, Optus, and Hutchison’s ‘3’ and Orange. Resellers services include; Primus Mobile, AAPT, Virgin mobile, B Digital, DigiPlus, Sim Plus, People TelecomM8 Telecom and Dodo Mobile. MVNOs or Mobile Virtual Network Operators are basically wholesalers and provide value adding services.B Digital, Revolution, People telecom Primus Telecom and Boost Mobile are a few to name. Content service providers, aggregators and program developers are other dimensions of service providers; Legion Interactive, Touch and Infospace are main content aggregators. CSPs have their own retailers like Hutchison ’s ‘3’ but other

False Positives In Presumptive Blood Testing Biology Essay

False Positives In Presumptive Blood Testing Biology Essay Blood is a fluid medium that is found within the cardiovascular system-which comprises of the heart and blood vessels (Jackson and Jackson 2008). It consists of 55% blood plasma and 45% cellular material (Jackson and Jackson 2008). Blood plasma consists of dissolved materials such as antibodies, hormones, waste products and nutrients, whereas the cellular material consists of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leucocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets) (Jackson and Jackson 2008). Blood is transported through the body by the pumping action of the heart. It has numerous functions including (Jackson and Jackson 2008): Acting as an internal transport system-including the removal of waste products for excretion and moving nutrients for metabolism. Maintaining body temperature. Defending against infection. Protecting the body from effects of injury. Blood is one of main sources of DNA found at crime scenes, and is crucially important in establishing a link between a suspect and a victim of a crime (Jackson and Jackson, 2008). To detect the presence of blood at a crime scene, a presumptive test is used. These can, however, only detect whether a substance is blood and cannot distinguish between human and animal blood-a serological test is needed to do this. The Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most common type of blood cell and contain haemoglobin (Jackson and Jackson 2008). They contain haemoglobin- a protein containing iron. Haemoglobin is responsible for the carriage of oxygen, and it is this property that presumptive blood tests are based on. Most of the presumptive tests rely on the ability of haemoglobin to catalyse the oxidation of a reagent, normally hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 (aq)) (Jackson and Jackson 2008). The result of oxidation normally produces a colour change in the presumptive test. Tiny amounts of blood present as a scene can be detecting using a colour change test. Some old and dried stains look similar in appearance to blood which can lead to a scenes of crime officer conducting a presumptive test. Other substances that could have contaminated suspected blood or other substances on their own at a scene could lead to a presumptive blood test incorrectly showing a positive result for blood. This is known as a false positive. Once a stain has been determined as blood, then two processes must be completed. The first is to interpret any bloodstain patterns, so that a reconstruction of events can be established (Langford et al 2005). Secondly, bloodstains must then be recovered for further analysis (Langford et al 2005). Recovery of bloodstains varies according to whether the stain is wet or dry. Once recovered, the blood can then be sent to a Forensic Science Service laboratory, where it will be initially tested to ascertain whether it is human or animal blood. To do this a serological test will be conducted, which involves identifying the presence of proteins specific to humans and analysing for DNA sequences specific to humans (Jackson and Jackson 2008). The blood will then be used for DNA profiling, which will hopefully establish whether the blood belongs to the suspect or the victim. I.II Aims and Objectives The aim of my project is to create a definitive list of false positives for four different presumptive blood tests. Within this aim I have six objectives to complete: To compare the false positives of four different presumptive tests. To test substances that are known false positives- as reported by other authors. To test unknown substances allied to those already known. To record the time taken for a substance to react with a presumptive test. To photograph the results of from each substance. To create a definitive list of false positives for each presumptive test. I am going to compare four different presumptive tests, as some tests are more practical to use in some situations than others. Consequently, analysing more than one test will allow a wider range of results. I shall also be testing known false positives as reported by other authors, as it is important to show how the presumptive tests react. Unknown substances allied to those that are known will then be tested to see whether similar substances react alike. This will then allow me to establish whether an unknown substance has reacted or not, as I can compare the reaction times and colour changes from both the known and unknown substances. It is important to record the time taken for a substance to react with a presumptive test, as blood should show a result straight away. An unobvious result that takes time to develop could indicate that the substance being tested is a false positive. Photographing results will allow me to document the differences in the colour change in each reaction with each substance. I feel that it is important to create a definitive list of false positives as it can reduce the risk of using valuable resources at a crime scene. For example, if a scenes of crime officer is informed that a possible blood stain has been contaminated with horseradish (a known false positive), then they can use a presumptive test for blood that is not known to produce a false positive with horseradish. If the result is positive for blood, then serological tests for blood can be carried out. Overall, I hope that this project will aid the work of a scenes of crime officer to choose the correct presumptive test to use in different situations-minimising time spent and resources used. Chapter II. Literature Review II.I Background Information The scientific analysis of blood was initially mentioned in 13th century Chinese texts, but it was Karl Landsteiner who discovered the modern science of blood typing, which categorises different types of blood into the ABO blood typing system (White 2010). In 1901 it was reported that blood could be determined in two week old serum stains on linen, and by 1902 the four blood types A, B, O and AB had been discovered (White 2010). This system is based on types of antigen on the red blood cells membrane. An antigen is a protein molecule capable of binding on to an antibody (Erzinà §lioglu 2004). The ABO system uses two antigens which are known as A and B; and the four blood groups are determined according to this system (Erzinà §lioglu 2004). People that have the blood group A have the A antigen, those that are group B have the B antigen; those in the AB category have both antigens and those who belong to the O group have neither antigen (Erzinà §lioglu 2004). A persons blood contai ns the opposite group of corresponding antibodies, so people with blood group A have b antibodies, people with blood group B have a antibodies, those with blood group AB have neither a or b antibodies and those with blood group O have both a and b antibodies (Erzinà §lioglu 2004). If the wrong antibodies are introduced into the wrong blood group then death can be a result due to the red cells clumping together. The first suspect to have been convicted largely on the basis of DNA analysis of blood samples was found guilty at Leicester Crown Court on 22nd January 1988 (White 2010). This case marks an important milestone, and DNA technology has become commonplace in forensic laboratories and is now instrumental in establishing both guilt and innocence in court cases (White 2010). II.II Physical Properties of Blood Blood constitutes about 7.7% of the body weight of a person (White 2010). This equates to 5-6 litres in males and 4-5 litres in females (Tortora and Anagnostakos 1987). Viscosity is resistance to flow, which in fluids is compared to water which has a viscosity of 1. (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Blood viscosity usually ranges between 4.4 and 4.7 (Tortora and Anagnostakos 1987). Blood also has a higher specific gravity (density) than water, which is the weight of a substance relative to the weight of an equal volume of water (James and Nordby 2005). Blood is a fluid that circulates throughout the body by way of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries-known as the circulatory system (James and Nordby 2005). A primary function of blood is to transport oxygen, electrolytes, nourishment, hormones, vitamins and antibodies to tissues and to transport waste products from tissues to the excretory organs (James and Nordby 2005). Tortora and Anagnostakos (1987) (in Bevel and Gardner 2002) say that when 4-6 litres of blood is present in the circulatory system, it is distributed as follows: Figure 1- Blood Distribution in the Circulatory System (Tortora and Anagnostakos 1987) As a medium, blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% cells (White 2010). A single drop or large volume of blood is held together by strong cohesive molecular forces that produce a surface tension (James and Nordby 2005). Surface tension is defined as the force that pulls the surface molecules of a liquid toward its interior, decreasing the surface area and causing the liquid to resist penetration (James and Nordby 2005). Bevel and Gardner (2002) state that plasma is the pale yellow fluid component of blood, which is broken down by volume into 91% water, 8% protein, 1% organic acids and 1% salts. Fibrinogen is one of the proteins, and this plays an important role in the clotting of blood (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Blood serum is blood plasma minus its protein content (Jackson and Jackson 2008). The cellular component of blood consists of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets) (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Red blood cells are heavier than plasma, which can be seen in bodies as lividity-which is where red cells settle to the lowest extremity of a body after death (Chmiel and Walitza 1980). http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg Figure 2- A red blood cell, platelet and white blood cell (University of Eastern Kentucky 2010). There are roughly 4.8 to 5.4 million red blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood (Tortora and Anagnostakos 1987). They are bioconcaved discs in shape. The main role of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs via the arterial system and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for expiration via the venous system (James and Nordby 2005). Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which is a red pigment that gives blood its colour (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Haemoglobin is composed of globin, which is made up of four folded polypeptide chains, and four haem groups that join with iron (University of Eastern Kentucky 2010). http://www.ul.ie/~childsp/CinA/Issue64/Images/TOC36_2.gif Figure 3- Haemoglobin, containing four haem groups (University of Limerick, 2010). As the oxygen content increases in the blood, the bright red pigment of the haemoglobin also increases (Bevel and Gardner 2002). A red blood cell does not contain a nucleus. Red blood cells are expressed as a percentage of the packed (red) cell volume (PCV), also known as the haematocrit (Wonder 2001). Nelson and Rodak (1983) state that the haematocrit in humans is variable between individuals. Haematocrit Possible people with range of haematocrit 15-29% Chronic alcoholics or drug abusers, steroid abusers, women after traumatic child birth or illegal abortion, malnourished homeless, elderly. 30-48% Normal range for nontraumatic venipuncture (blood drawn in a clinic or hospital) samples. 49-75% Dehydrated individuals, people in shock, those living at high altitude, impending and active heart attack victims, newborn babies, people suffering from hypothermia, and people after extreme exercise. Table 1- Table to show the range of haematocrit ratios (Wonder 2001). White blood cells act to fight infections, destroy old cellular material and to destroy other invading microbes (Bevel and Gardner 2002). White blood cells can be further subdivided into phagocytes which are responsible for the capture and ingestion and foreign substances, and lymphocytes- which are responsible for the production of antibodies (Jackson and Jackson 2008). They make up less than 1% of the cellular component of blood, which equates to 5000 to 9000 white blood cells per cubic millimetre (Tortora and Anagnostakos 1987). The nuclei of white blood cells are the source of DNA in the blood (James and Nordby 2005). The other part of the cellular component of blood is the platelets. Like red blood cells, platelets also lack a nucleus (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Bevel and Gardner (2002) say that there are generally about 250,000 to 400,000 platelets per cubic millimetre of blood. Platelets are major components of the clotting mechanism of blood, and this is their primary function (James and Nordby 2005). Platelets have irregular shapes and are normally quite small, however when they encounter a damaged blood vessel they increase their size and their shapes changes (Bevel and Gardner 2002). They also become sticky and adhere to surrounding fibres in the vessel wall, which results in the accumulation of platelets called the platelet plug (Bevel and Gardner 2002). II.III Blood at a Crime Scene Blood is normally found at a crime scene due to a person sustaining an injury either by accident or on purpose. When a breach in the circulatory system occurs- due to an injury- the body reacts in different ways to control the loss of blood (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Initially the vascular spasm occurs, which is which the smooth vessels in the blood vessel wall contract to decrease the size of the vessel, which reduces the flow of blood through it (Bevel and Gardner 2002). Tortora and Anagnostakos (1987) say that this reduces blood loss for up to 30 minutes following injury, which gives time for the other blood loss mechanisms to engage. The platelet plug then follows which reduces, if not stops, the blood loss (Bevel and Gardner 2002). The final step is coagulation, or clotting. This is what is normally seen at crime scenes, where the clotted mass of fibrin fibres and blood cells is surrounded by blood serum (Bevel and Gardner 2002). There are three types of bleeding that can occur from damage to blood vessels (BUPA 2009): Arterial Bleeding Venous Bleeding Capillary Bleeding. Arterial bleeding usually is spurting bright red blood, due to the blood having come from the heart and lungs-so it is oxygen rich (Walter et al 2004). The pumping action of the heart adds rhythmic surges to move blood vessels away from the heart (Wonder 2001). It is the most serious type of bleeding, and the most difficult to control due to the blood in the arteries being under pressure from the heart (Walter et al 2004). Arterial wounds results in volume stains (Wonder 2001). Loss from the carotid artery or the aorta can rapidly lead to death (Wonder 2001). Examples of arterial injuries, and how they may occur are listed in Table 2. Artery Location Probable Occurrence Facial Mouth/lips Beating Temporal Head/temples Gunshot, Crushing Carotid Neck, front throat Stab wound, Gunshot, Decapitation Subclavian Under collar bone Gunshot, Crushing Aorta Chest Gunshot, Stab wound Brachial Arm/elbow Bone break Radial Wrist Slit wrists, Bone Break, Stab wound Femoral Groin Gunshot, Stab wound Tibial Ankle Bone Break, Crushing Deltoid Upper arm muscle Stab wound Table 2- Areas and actions that may involve arterial damage (Wonder 2001) External venous bleeding is normally as a result of wounding, as veins are closer to the skin than arteries (Walter et al 2004). It results in the steady flow of dark red (almost brown) blood, and is darker than arterial blood as it has released oxygen to the tissues in the body and is flowing back to the heart and lungs for more oxygen (Walter et al 2004). Capillary wounding is common in minor wounds as capillaries are very small vessels that are under very little pressure with a low volume of blood (Walter et al 2004). Capillary bleeding results in the oozing of either bright or dark red blood, which will normally stop on its own (Walter et al 2004). As well as the three main types of bleeding, there is a further category which is traumatic bleeding. There are different types of wounds which can cause traumatic bleeding, and these can be categorised as follows: Abrasion- also known as a graze, where an object brushes on the skin but does not break it. Hematoma- where blood vessels are damaged, causing blood to collect under the skin. Laceration- where a blunt impact to soft tissue causes a deep wound. Incision- where a precise cut is made into the skin. Puncture Wound- where an object penetrates the skin and deeper layers. Contusion- also known as a bruise, where a blunt trauma causes damage under the skin, but does not break it. Crushing injuries- where a great amount of force is applied over a period of time, causing initially internal bleeding. Ballistic trauma- where a projectile weapon has entered and exited the area of the body, causing a wound between the two. Scenes of Crime officers attend many types of crime scene where blood is present. These include: Burglary- When an offender breaks a glass window or door to gain entry to a premises, they risk cutting their hands/arms. This leads to blood being left on fragments of glass in the window and on the floor. Assault/Wounding- Open wounds are normally the result of an attack on a victim. Blood can be left at an assault scene on the weapon that was used in the assault, on the ground, on the offender and on the victim. If the victim is bleeding heavily then blood will be left whenever the victim comes into contact with another surface. Manslaughter/Attempted Murder/Murder- Blood left at these scenes is not only important for swabbing purposes, but the pattern in which the blood is left can determine the order of events at a major scene. Road Traffic Crash- Blood at this scene can be found in the victims car and, if involved, the offenders car. This is important as it can place people in their respective cars- allowing investigators to work out the positions of people at the time of the incident. The collection, packaging and preservation of blood evidence at a crime scene should not take place until the scenes of crime officer has documented the bloodstain patterns (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). Whenever biological fluids are encountered at a crime scene, protective clothing, gloves and masks should be worn due to the biohazard nature of blood (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). To recover dry blood, an area near the blood that is unstained should be swabbed using a sterile swab, as a control sample (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). Then, the stain should be swabbed using a sterile swab that has been moistened using sterile water (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). The remains of the stain should then be dry swabbed using a sterile swab (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). The swabs should be returned to their tubes immediately and stored frozen as soon as possible (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). A batch control of both the water and swabs should always be made, and should be exhibited separately to the swabbed stain and background control (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). Items that have areas of dried blood on them should be packaged in paper bags which are sealed securely and clearly marked as biohazard. Blood and bloodstained evidence should never be packaged in airtight containers (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). To recover wet blood, a control swab of the surrounding area of the stain should be taken using a sterile swab (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). The wet stain should then be swabbed using a dry, sterile swab (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). The swabs should be returned to their tubes immediately, and should be stored frozen as soon as possible (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). Again, a batch control of the swab should be exhibited separately (Derbyshire Constabulary 2008). If a removable item has an area of wet blood on it, then the entire object should be exhibited and left to dry in a drying room at the police station. Often at crime scenes, stains that are composed of unknown substances can easily be confused with blood. Identifying whether a substance is blood allows further analysis to confirm species, and the individual (Spalding 2006). II.IV Presumptive Tests for Blood James and Nordby (2005) say that a presumptive test is one which allows the scenes of crime officer to make a qualified conclusion that blood is present in the tested sample, when positive. They also say that when a test is negative, stains that need no further consideration are eliminated. Presumptive tests may be recognised as those that produce a visible colour reaction or those that result in the release of light (James and Nordby 2005). Both of these rely on the catalytic properties of blood to drive the reaction (James and Nordby 2005). Lee, Palmbach and Miller (2001) write this as a chemical reaction: AH2 + H2O2 Æ’Â   A + 2H2O Oxidisable chemical Hydrogen peroxide Haeme Oxidised (colourless) (peroxidise) James and Nordby (2005) state that catalytic tests involve the chemical oxidation of a chromogenic substance by an oxidising agent catalyzed by the presence of blood. They also say that the catalyst of the reaction is the peroxidise-like activity of the haeme group of haemoglobin. Cox (2004) describes the attributes that a good presumptive test for blood should be sensitive, specific, quick, simple and safe. In order for presumptive tests for blood to function properly, they must detect a component of blood (Tobe, Watson and Daà ©id 2007). Most presumptive tests therefore act on the peroxidise activity of haemoglobin. This component is not found in the everyday environment, but other substances found in items such as fruit and vegetables perform a similar function (Tobe, Watson and Daà ©id 2007). A very popular presumptive method is the phenolphthalein test, which is also known as the Kastle- Meyer test (Virkler and Lednev 2009). Lee, Palmbach and Miller (2001) say that the Kastle-Meyer test was introduced in 1901 by Kastle. Phenolphthalein will cause an alkaline solution to turn pink after it has been oxidised by peroxide when blood is present (Spalding 2006). The reagent consists of reduced phenolphthalein in alkaline solution, which is oxidised by peroxide in the presence of haemoglobin (James and Nordby 2005). The test result is normally immediate, and a positive result a minute or more after the test is performed is usually not considered as reliable (James and Nordby 2005). It has a sensitivity of 1:100,000 (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). James and Nordby (2005) say that Adler and Adler in 1904 investigated the reduced or colourless form (leuco) of the dye malachite green, which is also referred to as McPhails reagent. This test involves the Leuco base of malachite green (Lillie 1969). Leucomalachite Green oxidation is catalyzed by haeme to produce a green colour (James and Nordby 2005). The reaction is usually carried out in an acid medium with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidiser (James and Nordby 2005). It has a sensitivity of 1: 20,000 (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). Bluestar is a luminol preparation developed by Professor Loic Blum in France that is extremely sensitive and stable and produces a very bright, long lasting chemiluminescence (James and Nordby 2005). The extreme sensitivity of Bluestar Forensic allows detections of bloodstains down to 1:10,000 dilutions (Bluestar Forensic 2004). It does not require total darkness to be visible, and works well on either fresh blood or old bloodstains (Bluestar Forensic 2004). Bluestar works by mixing the Bluestar Forensic solution with Bluestar Forensic tablets, which is then left to dissolve. This is sprayed onto the area of suspected blood. A positive result will cause a bluish luminescence (Bluestar Forensic 2004). The Hemastix test, created by Miles Laboratories in 1992, is particularly useful when solutions can be hazardous, or inconvenient (James and Nordby 2005). The test consists of a plastic strip with a reagent treated filter tab at one end (James and Nordby 2005). The tab contains TMB, diisopropylbenzene, dihydroperoxide, buffering materials and non reactants (James and Nordby 2005). A bloodstain is tested by moistening a swab with distilled water, sampling the stain, and touching the swab onto the reagent tab on the strip (James and Nordby 2005). The tab is normally yellow, and turns form orange to green or blue when positive. Quality control testing is necessary and should be completed with known blood samples on every new batch of test reagents to verify that the reagents are working as expected (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). II.V False Positives Sutton (1999) points out that a false positive is an apparent positive test result obtained with a substance other than blood. James and Nordby (2005) say that misleading results can be attributed to Chemical oxidants (often producing a reaction before the application of peroxide) Plant materials (vegetable peroxidises are thermolabile) Materials of animal origin (that contain traces of blood). Substances that produce false positives generally take detectably longer to react and, therefore, may be eliminated through observational interpretation (Tobe, Watson and Daà ©id 2007). False positives were initially noted only with copper salts (Glaister 1926). Tobe, Watson and Daà ©id (2007) state that saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulphate, 10% ferric sulphate and 10% nickel chloride are all known false positives. Bluestar False Positives (2008) say that Bluestar has false positives that include oil based paint, alkyd varnish, turnip, banana, leek, green bean, carrot, ginger, manganese sulphate, copper sulphate, iron sulphate and potassium permanganate. Lee, Palmbach and Miller (2001) write that many household cleaning products contain oxidising agents that can produce false positives. Many fruit and vegetables produce false positives including apples, horseradish and broccoli (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). Bleach is a false positive that provides an (immediate and intense reaction) according to Gardner (2005). Hunt et al (1960) say that faeces often gave a false positive depending on the food that had been eaten previously. Ponce and Pascual (1999) state that lemon juice added to a bloodstain can cause a positive result due to its acidity. A false negative is when there is some interference with the oxidation-reduction reaction, normally in the presence of a strong reducing agent, which results in a delay of the oxidation reaction; thus resulting in a coloured formation (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). False negatives are less common but problematic as an actual blood sample may be overlooked or left at the scene (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). Many of the false positive reactions can be identified during the presumptive testing procedure if any changes observed and the exact point in the reaction of these changes is recorded and compared to that of blood (Lee, Palmbach and Miller 2001). Chapter III. Experimental Methodology I will be investigating known substances previously reported by other authors that show a false positive and then analysing other substances similar to those already known to see if these also produce a false positive. III.I Project Design Each of the substances will need to be repeated to ensure a wide enough range of consistent results. Therefore, a grid will be drawn on a piece of Perspex measuring 1.5m2, and a piece of filter paper placed in each of the grid spaces, to allow the even distribution of substances and to allow the easy identification of false positives. Blood Known False Positives Unknowns 1 2 3 1 2 A New technique to detect metabolites from a single drop of blood B New technique to detect metabolites from a single drop of blood C New technique to detect metabolites from a single drop of blood Figure 4- A diagram to illustrate an example of the project layout. For each of the presumptive reagents tested, the filter paper in each grid space will be exposed to a substance to be tested. This will be allowed to dry for a minimum of 1 hour. Each substance will then be tested with a reagent. Each substance will be repeated three times to give a fair indication of performance. The time taken for a substance to register a positive result will be recorded. If a colour change occurs then the test will be classed as positive. If no colour change is noted within 5 minutes of the reagent being added, then the test will be classed as negative. III.II Sample Preparation The substances that I have chosen to analyse are known false positives as reported by other authors and then substances allied to known false positives. Known false positives to be tested: Horseradish. Tomato Sauce. Red Onion. Turnip. Lemon Juice. Bleach Solution (5%). Unknown substances to be tested: Brown Sauce. BBQ Sauce. Radish. Dark Chocolate. Orange Juice. Bleach Solution (less than 5%). III.III Choice of Presumptive Tests I have chosen to use the following presumptive reagents to test substances for false positives: Kastle-Meyer. Hemastix. McPhails. Bluestar. III.IV Control Tests I will test all of the presumptive tests on blank filter paper before proceeding to test with substances. This ensures that there is no reaction from the filter paper to the presumptive tests. I shall also test all of the presumptive tests with horse blood before proceeding to test with substances. This shows that the tests do recognise a sample of blood. I have chosen to use 2.5g of each substance as I feel this is an amount that is representative of a stain at a scene. Blood is reported to have been diluted to 1:10000 in previous tests, and as this dilution has proved the most successful, I have chosen to use this dilution. REARRANGE + FINISH

Walton’s Letters in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley

Walton’s Letters in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein ‘Frankenstein’ is a gothic, science fiction novel written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. It was written in Switzerland in 1816 and London in 1816-1817. The novel begins with a series of letters from the explorer Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville. The entirety of ‘Frankenstein’ is contained within Robert Walton’s letters, which record the narratives of both Frankenstein and the monster. Walton’s letters act like a framing device for Victor’s narrative. Shelley’s use of letters enables the shift of narrative from one character to another, while still remaining like a standard novel. Walton’s is only the first of many voices in ‘Frankenstein’. His letters set up a frame which encloses the main narrative (Frankenstein’s), and provides the context in which it’s told. The letters from Walton, a well-to-do Englishman with a passion for exploring, start when he’s in St.Petersburg. He is writing to his sister Margaret in England. He assures her that he is safe and is looking forward to his voyage which has been his dream for many years. He tells his sister of his preparations leading up to his departure, and of the desire burning in him to accomplish â€Å"some great purpose†- exploring and discovering uncharted territory in the North Pole. There are also many roles which Walton’s letters undertake in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein’. Each letter has a different role and introduces new ideas. One of the main functions of the letters is to set the scene for the telling of the stranger’s narrative. In addition to this, Walton’s letters introduce an important character, Walton himself, whose story parallels Frankenstein’s. Walton parallels Victor in ... ...ledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently wish that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been.† The theme of destructive knowledge is developed and predominates throughout the novel as the tragic consequences of Frankenstein’s search for knowledge are revealed. Walton, like Frankenstein also in the pursuit of knowledge attempts to surpass previous human explorations in order to discover the secrets of the unknown. Overall the role of Walton’s letters in ‘Frankenstein’ are very important. Not only do they introduce important characters such as Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and the monster. But they also establish the period and place in which the novel is set, introduce important ideas and themes which prevail throughout the novel, and introduce and frame the novel in a creative and interesting way.

Comarch Business Model

The customers in this group are: Heinlein, Scrabbles, Renault, Naive, Coca-cola, Red Bull and more. Government: This unit provides a wide variety of solutions to different kind of customers from the Public Sector. The list of customers includes: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, The National Bank of Poland, Albanian State Police and more. ERP: The unit is dedicated to developing and implementing intuitive software solutions to help Seems optimize their business processes.Companies that use Compare's ERP systems are: Coca-cola, Neonate, Yves Richer, T- Comanche AS develops and delivers products and services specifically targeted at their groups of customers. Telecommunications: The products developed for electrification aim at increase the revenue of the companies and build strong relations with customers' clients and business partners. This portfolio of products is vast and goes from Customer, Revenue and Product Management to Application Integration Infrastr ucture.The main products developed for this sector are: Comanche Corporate Self Care: provides online ordering, data management and reporting for corporate customers; Comanche Central Product Management: simplifies IT architecture and speeds up new product launches by providing a single place for managing the product catalogue and product lifestyle. Comanche Service Quality Management: it gathers network, application and service statistics, aggregates it and presents it against service models.Finance: The products in the finance sector are evolving every year in order to accommodate the needs of the customers. Some of the products created are: Comanche credit process management: it is a system that supports transaction processing as well as the application approval, security valuation, customer risk assessment and credit approval. Comanche mobile insurance advisor: it covers the whole sales process – from identification of the customer and needs analysis through emulations an d quotations, investment advisory, to generation and signing of the proposal.Services: This specific set of products provides advanced IT solutions in order to boost a company's performance. The list of products comprises the following software and solutions: Comanche Enterprise Marketing Management: it provides customer-oriented companies with the ability to plan, execute and track cross- channel campaigns and to build attractive loyalty programs to engage customers by delivering highly relevant offers that encourage them to buy more and more.Comanche SEA: it offers IT solutions for the management of sales support and the work f sales representatives, integration solutions and services to communicate with business partners, as well as on-line Web applications for managing sales and trade marketing and business communication with contractors. Government: in this area Comanche specializes in the design, implementation and integration of advanced IT solutions for state administration offices, local government and the utilities supply market.Some of the software developed are: Comanche Gerri: this is a modern Polish ERP system for organization management which is adapted to the needs and requirements of public administration. It offers budgetary reporting facilities including budgetary accounting forms in printable or electronic versions. Public Electronic Service Platform: it is a portal solution aimed at public administration, local government, and fully and partly nationalized companies.The solution aims to ease procedures for clients of government agencies by making a wide range of Internet solutions available to them so that they can conduct their affairs without having to go in person to the offices concerned. ERP: this area of development of products is the flagship of Comanche. The software ND scalable to the unique needs of each company and industry. The signature software is called Comanche ALEUT. Comanche ALEUT: is a state-of-the-art management softwar e system which represents the end result of seventeen years of experience developing some of the most innovative IT solutions available worldwide.The software is designed to save the time of customers, reduce their costs, enable a streamline communication between departments, and to arm them with easy- to-use- reports for successful decision-making. The value proposition of the company and the features that make Comanche AS be unique in the market are various. They focus on the customer satisfaction and excellence in the products and services delivered. Comanche,in order to satisfy the requests of their clients, implements projects within the defined budget and schedule.The Polish company, with almost 20 years of industry experience, is able to understand the business and technological needs of their customers developing the best solutions for them. One of the key features of the products is the faster implementation and easier integration, reducing the risk level of each project. T he solutions developed are easily configurable and will develop along with the client's business. The adaptation of the products to the customers' needs makes Comanche be a reliable long-term partner.