Aquinas’ view of kingship and the Aristotelian response Essay

St. Thomas Aquinas takes many of Aristotle’s ideas from The Politics in order to create his idea of the best regime. He revisits the good and bad forms of each type of government Aristotle introduced, and then makes his decision that the best regime is a type of monarchy that he calls kingship. This decision stems from his definition of a king as â€Å"one who rules over the people of a city or province for the common good† (17). Kingship is beneficial because it is the rule of one person. Aquinas states that the correct and most useful way to carry out an objective is â€Å"when it is lead to its appropriate end† (15). The incorrect way would be the opposite–to lead something to an inappropriate end, or not to lead it to an end at all. In light of this definition, the most effective government would lead the people to their appropriate end, which Aquinas believes is unity. In this sense, Aquinas believes that obviously something that â€Å"is itself one can promote unity better than that which is a plurality† (17). This may not seem quite so obvious to anyone else, and his analogy between unity and heat may seem a little vague, but Aquinas still makes a valid point in that creating a government promoting unity is more difficult when more people are involved. This is simply because of the number of ideas and interpretations present within a group that are not present under the rule of one. Aquinas also argues that kingship, or the good, just monarchy, is preferable because it is present in nature. He likens the king to God, because naturally God is the â€Å"Ruler over all† (17). It is therefore natural for one man to rule many, as long as he is leading the people to their appropriate end, which is unity. The king should be â€Å"a shepherd who seeks†¦not his own benefit† (16), which is an instance of government represented by nature. Aquinas believes that as â€Å"art imitates nature† (18), so should politics, and the best art is that which best imitates nature. In this sense, the best government would be that which imitates natural order. The king â€Å"has a duty to act in his kingdom like the soul in the body and God in the world† (26). This is the best way in which a government can reflect nature in its practice. Aquinas understands that monarchy is â€Å"considered by many as odious because it  is associated with the evils of tyranny† (20). He, however, believes that kingship is so important, that a slight change of the type of monarchy would not be that bad. This is interesting, because Aquinas also says that tyranny is the â€Å"worst form of government† (18) because it seeks only the good of the tyrant, and is therefore further from the appropriate end of government, which is the common good and unity. The reasons Aquinas seems to change his mind about the idea of tyranny seem to be a little cloudy. He suddenly decides that tyranny in its less excessive forms is nowhere near as bad as the better forms of government, even though he says it is the worst. Aquinas would advise the citizens to â€Å"tolerate a mild tyranny for a time† (23) instead of doing anything rash that â€Å"may bring on many dangers that are worse† (23). These dangers include democracy and oligarchy, which are supposed to be better forms of government than tyranny. In any case, the tyranny would still be the rule of one, although not for the common good. This may be what Aquinas means when he says tyranny is tolerable. Aristotle would agree with most of Aquinas’ statements, mainly because they were Aristotle’s statements first. Aristotle poses questions on the issue of kingship, and sets up arguments others have against it, while Aquinas attempts to come up with some answers as to why kingship is the best alternative. Aristotle agrees that there are some states that kingship would benefit greatly. His view is not that all states would benefit from a kingship, which is what Aquinas is trying to prove. This is the major difference, as both believe that kingship is a worthy form of government.

The Principle Agent Problem Between Shareholders And Managers Accounting Essay

Economic theory speculates that a house ‘s end is to capitalise on stockholders wealth ; accomplishable with entrepreneurial house since proprietors are directors. However, ownership presents is significantly diluted, with companies owned by big stockholder groups. This causes the separation of ownership and direction which hinders the relationship between stockholders and directors ; where directors replace stockholders involvement with their ain. This may be due to information dissymmetry[ 1 ]where directors have the power to move in conformity to stockholder demands. This is known as the â€Å" bureau job † and is common in modern corporate. Under this theory the relationship is formed through a binding contract whereby principal ‘s ( stockholders ) appoint the agents ( directors ) to put to death services with authorization to do determinations. However such â€Å" contracts † are imperfect as the impracticality to include every action of the agent whose determinations has an impact on their and the principal ‘s benefits. Therefore, self interested behavior arises in administrations as the involvement of both parties diverges, i.e. principal ‘s involvement respects maximization of stockholders wealth ( net income maximization ) whereas agent ‘s involvement lies in ain public-service corporation maximization ( bonuses/promotion ) . Stockholders permit directors to run the house ‘s assets ; ensuing in a struggle of involvement. The cardinal job therefore is to aline the involvements of both parties. Furthermore, principals expect board of managers to establish their determinations on maximizing equity value. However the board of managers expect directors to follow schemes that support their ends. This state of affairs illustrates that stockholders have no direct input into the operation and hence have no power to state directors what to make. This issue arises because of the separation of ownership and control and therefore directors are able to prosecute ends good to them and unfavorable to stockholders. Overall, withdrawal between the two parties increases deficiency of end congruity. The inquiry arises as to why stockholders do non supervise direction? There are three grounds why taking control causes troubles. ( 1 ) Expensive to supervise managerial activities as obtaining information is hard ( 2 ) disgruntled stockholders are unable to present menaces in order to cut down unwanted managerial behavior i.e. engaging an outside member and ( 3 ) dispersed stockholders have an inducement to â€Å" free drive † . Keasy et al 1997 regards the above as economic costs to monitoring. These restrictions pose jobs for stockholder wealth since unwanted managerial actions takes topographic point in the absence of control. Stockholders may present inducement bundles which include net income related fillips, public presentation, publicity inducements and promote employees to purchase portions which increase their rewards, to promote agents to do â€Å" optimum attempt † . Due to the above jobs, states have developed systems which carry out independent monitoring and control of the house in order to aline the overall end. OECD 1999 stated that â€Å" corporate administration construction specifies the distribution of rights and duties among different participants in the corporation, and spells out the regulations and processs for doing determinations on corporate personal businesss. By making this, it besides provides the construction through which the company aims are set, and the agencies of achieving those aims and supervising public presentation. † In UK capital markets play a critical function where portion monetary values advocates public presentation degrees. Management ‘s focal point is to maximise stockholders wealth through the usage of independent board of managers. The fright of coup d'etat commands forces direction to undergo effectual actions. Approximately 50 % of portions are held by institutional investors bespeaking dominant ownership. Cadbury Report 1992 provinces big proportion of stockholder ownership influence company ‘s actions. In 2008 the Financial Reporting council developed the ‘Combined Code ‘ i.e. assorted reports/codes refering ‘good ‘ corporate administration. The most influential is Cadbury Report 1992[ 2 ], was produced as the deficiency of supervising direction activities caused several dirts whereby executives acted in their involvement. Initially, Polly Peck[ 3 ]went into settlement after old ages of false accounting taking to size uping of the fiscal facets and answerability. However after the cozenage of BCCI and Robert Maxwell, they revised the relationship between boards, hearers and stockholders. The concluding study states CEO ‘s and Chairman ‘s of companies should be separated. Jenson 1993[ 4 ]provinces that if functions were common, struggle of involvement would originate. Furthermore, 3 non-executive managers, two of whom should be independent[ 5 ]and an audit commission affecting non-executives should be included. Companies were encouraged to follow these practises alongside â€Å" the codification of best practise † which outlines other countries of concern. However the â€Å" one size fits all † job was recognised by Cadbury doing all companies registered in UK to follow the â€Å" comply or explicate † system. Companies should follow with corporate best practise or have legitimate grounds for non-compliance. Furthermore, the board must offer a full account to stockholders and explain how their practises are consistent with stockholders. It ‘s acceptable merely when stockholders believe good administration has been achieved. Greenbury commission, formed to measure manager ‘s wage bundles and the deficiency of revelation of payments in the one-year studies, commenced over populace ‘s choler sing additions in executive wage. The study added to the Cadbury Code and advised ( 1 ) each board include a wage commission affecting independent non-executives briefing stockholders yearly and ( 2 ) managers should hold LT[ 6 ]public presentation related wage, all disclosed in the one-year histories. Furthermore, advancement should be reviewed every 3 old ages to guarantee companies are runing efficaciously. The Hampel commission[ 7 ]formed in 1998 suggested all old rules should be collaborated into a â€Å" Combined Code † . Furthermore, the president of the boards should move as the ‘leader ‘ , investors should see voting the portion and all wages information including pensions should be disclosed. The Turnbull Committee, created the following twelvemonth, advised that managers should be held accountable for internal fiscal and scrutinizing controls. Several studies have contributed to the Combined Code viz. the Higgs reappraisal sketching the actions of non-executives. More late, after the prostration of Northern Rock and the fiscal crisis that followed, the Walker Review formed a study refering banking sectors. The Financial Reporting Council produced a new Stewardship Code in 2010. Germany ‘s corporate system is chiefly stakeholder oriented and diffuses off from stockholders involvements. The aim is maximizing stakeholder value thereby uncovering several typical differences. First, the banking sector is a major stakeholder. Charkham ( 1994 ) stated that Bankss hold a dominate place in funding and oversing companies for legion grounds. ( 1 ) During 1870 companies were to a great extent reliant on recognition. Banks began offering LT loans to LT clients who tied the companies, obtaining ownership and moving as ‘shareholders ‘ within industrial houses. ( 2 ) Banks hold 25 % of voting capital in big corporations and 28 % of seats on the supervisory boards. ( 3 ) Banks are stockholder representatives, authorised to vote for their portions plus proxy portions[ 8 ], giving farther control. Consequently companies are improbable to face coup d'etats, since Bankss will back up them through fiscal adversities unlike in the UK. Second, â€Å" co-operative † civilization is articulated under the Co-determination Act 1976 whereby workers obtain important functions in the direction procedure ; known as work councils. Work council staff influence concern actions and partake in determination devising procedures. Employees ( elected by work councils ) sit on the supervisory board when a house has more than 2000 employees aboard stockholder representatives. This system reduces work force struggles by bettering communicating channels, addition dickering power of workers through statute laws and eventually right market failures. Overall productiveness degrees addition, with low degrees of work stoppages as better wage and conditions implying â€Å" good industrial dealingss † . Finally, Germany involves a two – tier board compared to UK ‘s one – tier board. It includes a direction board ( Vorstand ) where directors monitor day-to-day operation and behavior of the house. Plus a supervisory board ( Aufsichtsrat ) affecting merely non-executives[ 9 ]who monitor the direction board duties and O.K.ing determinations. Separation of the two increases the consciousness of single duties and helps forestall direction maltreatment. The ruin is holding worker representatives on the supervisory board as they will choose for determinations good for employees instead than company. For illustration shuting down a mill may hold good for the company nevertheless debatable for excess employees, doing it is hard to work in the best involvement of the company. Germany ‘s corporate system lies to a great extent on good industrial dealingss which considers it ‘s company, employees and public. It shows corporations are a societal establishment instead than an economic 1 as it â€Å" does non set fiscal value for stockholders at the top of the list of policy aims †[ 10 ]. Stockholders are seen as one of many stakeholders and non merely a privileged constituency. The Nipponese corporate administration revolves around banking dealingss like Germany along with life clip employment. There are outstanding characteristics including the intercession of authorities and close confederations between authorities and companies. Business and industrial activities are monitored by the Nipponese Ministry of Finance, affecting them in the direction and determination procedure. Nipponese corporate rely on chief Bankss[ 11 ]which are all interlinked with houses, organizing a concentrated ownership ( stockholders ) . Prowse 1992 provinces that persons hold 26.7 % of a house ‘s equity while corporations hold 67.3 % . Unlike western states, Nipponese Bankss can keep equities up to 5 % . The statement is by moving as loaners and stockholders, struggle of involvements of debt suppliers and equity will be eradicated. Furthermore Bankss hold these equities for long periods, constructing a LT â€Å" banking relationship † unlike UK ‘s â€Å" transactional banking † . Furthermore, they are involved with the internal direction by obtaining seats on the board of managers. They actively contribute in the determination procedure and act as insurance companies for companies come ining fiscal troubles i.e. bankruptcy or coup d'etats. Like Germany, Bankss form LT contracts with companies based on fiscal services and supervising and act as represent atives for other stockholders through proxy ballots. One major differentiation in Japan is the Keiretsu system. Companies form close confederations chiefly between Bankss, concerns and the authorities, by working towards each other success. The function of the authorities became of import when they intervened in 1990s as Japan suffered a recession. The authorities wanted to reconstruct the economic system through its policies and ordinances by bettering the corporate administration to excite growing and investing. Germany and Japan both work toward the involvement of the company and workers as a collective. However Japan ‘s board construction is different as all members consist of former employees excepting â€Å" outside † managers apart from bank functionaries. The boards have more members than UK and Germany as some companies have over 60 managers. This proves really effectual as no domination of managers occur. Harmonizing to Allen and Gale ( 2000 ) , concentrating on stakeholders instead than entirely on stockholders, societies resources are being used expeditiously as employees, providers and clients are taken into history. This enhances productiveness, therefore bring forthing higher net incomes, profiting the house and stockholders. Since 1990 the UK have implemented many policies reforming the direction and administration of companies. These scope from codifications, studies, ordinance and statute laws ; but how effectual are they? To guarantee company involvements are aligned with stockholders, UK has imposed assorted commissions to supervise the effectivity. For illustration, audit commissions review audits yearly and overlook fiscal relationships between companies and hearers. Nomination commissions administer human resources and programs future managers. Compensation commissions examine direction actions and day-to-day operations. Furthermore the being of institutional investors has its advantages as puting in houses they have incentive and motive to supervise them. This leads to high public presentation degrees which reduces bureau costs. However, companies practise ST[ 12 ]net income maximization without LT be aftering doing companies underperform, therefore investors sell their portions and â€Å" issue † instead than â€Å" voice † their discontent ( occurs chiefly in Germany ) . Overall UK ‘s attack in supervising company involvement is effectual as companies have bulk of bing stock holders through the demand of commissions. The ‘Code of best pattern ‘ gives stockholders assurance that companies are runing with high degrees of transparence during determination devising procedures. From this, the â€Å" comply or explicate † system was created, whereby some freedom is left for companies to do effectual determinations. The additions from this is that ( 1 ) directors and stockholders follow the LT involvement of both the company and proprietors ( 2 ) distinguishes the civilization barrier single houses face since there are different degrees, size and ownership of companies, whereas codification of best pattern instils â€Å" one size fits all † regulation. Furthermore, codifications are more effectual than ordinances as companies can turn whereas implementing rigorous internal controls companies are limited to processs. Furthermore, codifications tackle more ‘softer ‘ jobs associating to best practise compared to ordinances i.e. preparation and back uping managers in th eir function. The Cadbury Report reflects the above whereby â€Å" The effectivity with which boards discharge their duties determines Britain ‘s competitiveness place. They must be free to drive their companies frontward, but exercising that freedom within a model of effectual answerability. This is the kernel of any system of good corporate administration. † For this system to work efficaciously stockholders require full revelation to ease them in their determinations and holding rights when dissatisfied. Consequently companies must unwrap information in their one-year studies saying how they have applied the combined codification and giving stockholders voting rights to dispatch managers. All these demands are set out under the company jurisprudence doing the system successful since it was adopted in EC[ 13 ]and included in the EUD[ 14 ]in 2006 ; sketching same rules. Empirical grounds show that UK has drawn near to the construct of ‘good ‘ corporate administration. Harmonizing to the FTSE ISS Corporate Governance Index and Governance Metrics International Reports, the UK has the highest mean administration score out of all the states. Furthermore 94 %[ 15 ]of UK pension Fundss considered corporate criterions in the UK has developed exceptionally. The undermentioned reforms revolve about two primary issues ( 1 ) deficiency of separation of direction and control and ( 2 ) quandary faced by non-executive managers in footings of monitoring. Accordingly UK ‘s current reforms indicated the demand for independent non-executive managers to understate struggles otherwise present. However, the disadvantage sing this independency is, there is less incentive to pass a sufficient sum of clip commanding company issues because they have no direct relationship with the company. In add-on, uncertainties on how much cognition they get besides poses a job. One possible polar solution that could be incorporated into UK administration is increasing the frequence and continuance of board meetings. Company information is really wide and complex particularly associating to LT fiscal public presentations, competitory place and organizational construction. Therefore it is critical that managers assign more clip to measure the information and deem upon past determinations and events. It is recommended that managers meet on a monthly footing for continual supervising and let managers to turn to all countries and inquire specific inquiries that affect the hereafter of the company. There are issues environing this proposal for illustration, readying, nevertheless the more frequent the meetings the less clip needed to fix as oppose to the clip needed for meetings held every one-fourth. Furthermore, meetings should non be limited to a clip agenda but instead should last until all facets are covered. This method is really flexible for illustration m eetings could last more than one twenty-four hours when a company is in a hard state of affairs. The advantage is that sentiments will be shared more openly and allows non-executive managers to be more involved ; this should be carried when discoursing the long term corporate scheme. Another solution is changing the composing of the board. In the ‘Combined Code ‘ subdivision A.3.2 it pronounces that â€Å" at least half the board, excepting the Chairman, should consist non-executive managers determined by the board to be independent † . This does non stipulate the maximal figure of seats in entire. Therefore it is advisable that the fewer managers, the more likely that each manager can play a dynamic and imperative function. The recommended figure should dwell of eight to ten managers in entire. This is so that there is adequate assortment and sufficient array of point of views. When there are more than ten or twelve members on the board, there will be a â€Å" free rider † job where some manager ‘s will halt preparing for meetings and rely on the work of others ensuing in subjects non being discussed in deepness. Finally UK should see adding a supervisory board like Germany and Japan as this will let wider diverseness among the determination devising procedures. Furthermore it will cut down maltreatments from dominate managers since there is changeless alteration of direction public presentation. Overall UK should discontinue to better bing constabularies and the challenge lies in maintaining UK ‘s corporate administration an plus instead than a liability for companies.

Business Performance Measurement Using Balanced Scorecard Critical Review Accounting Essay

In a rapid turning economic universe, companies ‘ direction has ever sought for ways and metric to estimate if a company ‘s concern public presentation aligns to its scheme. Performance metric is critical in doing direction a possible exercising and aid in replying some common inquiries like what are our ends and how effectual is our scheme? As one of the most important recent inventions in history, the Balanced Scorecard foremost proposed by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 defines a methodological analysis that can be used by direction for end scenes or strategic preparation and public presentation measuring from fiscal and non-financial or operational point of view. It is besides aimed at heightening organisational public presentation by leting companies ‘ chief organisational procedures to be better managed by directors to better competitory market place and company public presentation. The outlooks of directors are high, and this explains why academic and managerial i nvolvement in this direction tool is on the addition. This paper critically examines plants or research done by outstanding writers on this topic to see the verve of Balanced Scorecard as a concern public presentation measuring tool in modern economic system. Literatures on Balanced Scorecard are on the rise as its methodological analysis become popular among top concerns. Gumbus and Lussier ( 2006 ) in their work, examined Balanced Scorecard and its characteristics ( ) , and why little medium concerns are recommended to utilize it as a metric for concern public presentation. Their surveies came at the clip when Balanced Scorecard is non been widely adopted by SME but by the large companies as a public presentation measuring method. Braam and Nijssen ( 2008 ) discuss factors impacting Balanced Scorecard acceptance and the two cardinal constructs of Balanced Scorecard use in recent clip: as a public presentation measuring system ( PMS ) and as a strategic direction system ( SMS ) . [ 4 ] carried out researches to look into if the Balanced Scorecard add values to companies that adopt it and how it does contributes to the public presentation of an organisation. [ 5 ] examines a outstanding characteristic of Balanced Scorecard cause and conse quence relationship and if Balanced Scorecard can associate operational prosodies with scheme which can be understood and influenced by directors as a valid strategic direction tool. [ 7 ] took a practical attack in discoursing ways that Balanced Scorecard can be used by undertaking directors to step and better the operational public presentation of their squad and besides clarifies aims and concern scheme. These literature discuses extensively on public presentation measuring with Balanced Scorecard cutting across assorted use and industries every bit good as farther elaborated in the advancement of this paper. Most surveies focus on large companies the scarceness of surveies associating to Balanced Scorecard been used in SME for concern scheme motivated [ 1 ] to ship on shutting this spread. They used a instance survey methodological analysis attack on three little concern endeavors. Research was conducted through personal interviews with executives at Hyde Park Electronics, Futura Industries, and Southern Gardens Citrus ( SGC ) . [ 1 ] examine each of the SME to place how of their concern scheme and public presentation aligns with the Balanced Scorecard features both in the short footings and long term. Financial metric, as indicated in their survey, is sale from new merchandise accounting for high net income of the organisation. The Operational Quality was identified to same-day bringing, bringing within five yearss, and on-time bringing. Customer Satisfaction metric was detected to be indicated by increased gross revenues and increased income that would ensue from merchandise credence a nd the coevals of repetition clients. Learning and Growth metric see the induction of employee public assistance plans such as benefits, net income sharing, preparation, and employee communicating and employee activities. By the above findings, [ 1 ] farther cited that about half of the large corporations in recent times has improved public presentation with the usage of Balanced Scorecard as operational and strategic measuring. The instance surveies affecting the SMEs rhenium seen to besides profit from utilizing this direction tool. [ 1 ] The consequences of the instance surveies of Hyde Park Electronics, Futura Industries, and SGC support the anterior literature from big companies. The consequences once more indicated that enterprisers can excessively profit from developing and utilizing a BSC. The benefit or value gotten from utilizing BSC was investigated by [ 4 ] , and in their survey, two research hypotheses were developed: how much does the Balanced Scorecard create value and secondly, how does the Balanced Scorecard create value? For the first inquiry [ 4 ] adopted the usage of Activity-Based Cost Management ( ABCM ) model, in comparing to BSC effectivity in happening how organizational ends aligns to people ‘s public presentation. The 2nd inquiries saw the usage of the Strategy-Focused-Organisation ( SFO ) to research the beginnings of possible value created by BSC. The methodological analysis used was quantitative in nature and an empirical study and analysis of informations collected from EU companies that have used BSC. In their findings, [ 4 ] argued that value is so been added to companies by the usage of BSC. They indicated that the public presentation of an organisation comes chiefly from what it does during scheme interlingual rendition, its consistence in act uponing managerial patterns, and its function in resources alignment to strategic aims i.e. from the agencies to the terminal. The surveies of [ 4 ] hinted the construct of following BSC for PMS every bit good as SMS. Thus, [ 2 ] , in their research differentiate these lifting constructs of Balanced Scorecard ( public presentation measuring system ( PMS ) and strategic direction system ( SMS ) ) , and factors impacting their acceptances by companies as shown the survey done by [ 2 ] . Hypothesiss were developed to steer and develop their methodological analysis which involves quantitative attack. Data aggregation was done by questionnaires sent to 40 Dutch houses gotten from database of companies which had responded to a benchmark study for best patterns in direction control and public presentation measuring in the four areas/domains of involvement of the Balanced Scorecard. [ 2 ] indicated in their findings that the acceptance of both types of Balanced Scorecard benefits from top direction engagement. Consequences besides show that utilizing Balanced Scorecard as PMS will profit from the support of the admi nistration ‘s finance section. They besides cited that Balanced Scorecard as PMS accent on an inclusive measurings of both fiscal and non-financial values which gives valuable image of the company ‘s place in the market. However, public presentation metric indexs cut across the cardinal characteristics of BSC itself, as such [ 5 ] in their survey analysed the cardinal premises of BSC and the relationships among the four countries of measuring suggested ( the fiscal, client, internal-business-process and learning and growing positions ) and its consequence on scheme and public presentation of an organisation. Research inquiry to steer their survey was besides raised: is there a causal relationship between the countries of measuring suggested? The methodological analysis that was used is analytic because, as argued, increases preciseness and lucidity degree in understanding the BSC construct and theoretical account. Past and present literatures were widely analysed. [ 5 ] one cardinal findings indicated that companies ‘ do non necessitate to see priori concern scheme before planing a coherent set of public presentation measurings reasoning that the design of public presentation indexs can work as a accelerator for scheme preparation. The preparation of scheme entails the development of undertakings to transform them into operational aims. This is further discussed by [ 6 ] in their survey. They used the BSC methodological analysis in their survey to develop, trial, and use a strategic measuring system, specifically for undertakings. The attack adopted was a comparing and study of two undertakings monitored by the writers and undertaken by undertaking squad. Their consequence indicated that BSC plays important function in bettering undertaking direction effectivity. They besides argue or indicated that balanced public presentation measuring is an of import technique for set uping on-strategy undertaking bringing The above surveies further give more penetration on the construct of BSC as a public presentation measuring tool that is best used in exciting thought of comparative steps in the critical success factors of any concern. Thus, organizational public presentation sees an addition when, as the chief tool, BSC is used to interpret the scheme of the house. In this respect, BSC contributes positively [ 4 ] [ 6 ] . However, the acceptance of BSC in an organisation depends to a great extent on the degree of top direction and product-market kineticss every bit good as the finance section. If a company is in a competitory market, client satisfaction and fiscal values are of extreme importance to exceed direction and finance section. These public presentation prosodies influence the preparation of scheme and therefore the acceptance of BSC particularly as public presentation measuring system [ 2 ] . However, the support of top direction and the employees ‘ deduction do non look to be requi rement conditions to do the successful development of a BSC [ 4 ] . The influence of BSC on departmental units and internal administrations within the house can be detected in undertaking squads. The BSC clarify and improves strategic step and connexions thereby bettering internal public presentation in traditional deliverables. It is importance to observe that at that place does non be one BSC that matches all administrations but BSC development is team-based [ 1 ] [ 6 ] . Furthermore, as indicated by [ 6 ] , companies ‘ operational aims in undertakings become a direction success as internal sections are exposed to run of strategic-performance indictor which clarifies and proctors project vision and ends. [ 4 ] Surveies indicated that despite the broad acceptance of BSC in recent times, the methodological analysis is non free from defects. Kaplan and Norton describe the relationship among the characteristic of BSC as causal ( cause and consequence ) , i.e. one metric taking to another, and a dependence relationship. This nevertheless, an issue as for case, the satisfaction of clients does non basically give good fiscal consequences hence the relationship is a logical and non causal one as it is inherit in the BSC construct. This portends that the premises made by BSC possibly invalid taking to the expectancy of public presentation indexs which are faulty, ensuing in sub-optimal public presentation [ 5 ] The reviewed surveies are non without restrictions as hinted by the writers. The research by [ 1 ] is marked with a restriction in instance survey attack as at that place does non be any survey on BSC been used by little concern at the clip of the survey. Furthermore, the plausibleness of findings did non protect against the research restrictions in the survey done by [ 2 ] . The generalizability of the findings was edged by a restriction in the sample size, the respondents ‘ chiefly fiscal background, and the usage of cross sectional informations to look into the degree of acceptance of both BSC types at the same time. [ 4 ] besides highlighted that measuring or mensurating the public presentation of an organisation is a difficult scientific discipline. Again, in their survey, sample houses did n't hold unvarying execution of the BSC construct. One restriction of this paper is that it is analytic which is based on researching surveies and researches associating to BSC. Trustin g on these beginnings can, nevertheless, non be deem insightful as an empirical survey. Further research is necessary and should be expanded on about all concern service sectors on how BSC is used to aline concerns to capital budgeting processing. Larger sample size should be used every bit good as extra factors, for case consideration of institutional motives for BSC acceptance. The influence of BSC on the internal relationship between sections and undertaking squads should besides be researched.DecisionThe balanced scorecard is a tool which methodically expands the measuring zones traditionally involved in accounting. Its cardinal end is to cut down the issues associated with the usage of fiscal steps for control intents by infixing non-financial measurings in a strategic control model [ 5 ] . The connexion between concern scheme and aims utilizing BSC creates an apprehension of public presentation measuring and metric that guides the co-ordinated and careful action of directors. Surveies analysed in this paper show that the BSC creates and adds value to organisations that adopt it and promotes more reliable communicating effectual plenty for direction decision-making. Therefore while the adopting of BSC is on the rise by more concerns, this paper analytically shows the positive part of BSC to the public presentation of an administration with an increasing organic structure of cogent evidence.[ 1 ] Gumbus, Andra. & A ; Lussier, Robert N. ( 2006 ) . Entrepreneurs Use a Balanced Scorecard to Translate Strategy into Performance Measures. Journal of Small Business Management, 44 ( 3 ) : 407-425.[ 5 ] Norreklit, H. ( 2000 ) , â€Å" The Balance on the Balanced Scorecard-A Critical Analysis of Some of its Assumptions † , Management Accounting Research, 11 ( 1 ) pp. 65-88.

Media censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media censorship - Essay Example e forms of media censorship are justifiable and the concerned parties should always uphold such regulations in order to foster the growth of a peaceful and cohesive society as the discussion below portrays. Censorship of the mass media has numerous moral, political and economic advantages. The media for example has a series of gatekeepers in the form of editors and subeditors all of who strive to eliminate some errors thereby facilitating self-censorship (Thomas 42). Such are basic forms of self-censorship. The government on the other hand through the department of information imposes strategic censorships on the media thereby regulating the information that reaches the public. Among the basic justifications of the various forms of censorship is the need to uphold the moral values of a society. Moral censorship requires the removal of any obscene content from the messages. Pornographic content, images of dead bodies and images of victims of sexual assault have moral implications. As such, both the government and the mass media managers must always either eliminate or conceal such images. Government intelligence must also always remain with the government. This implies that the government must always censor specific information that concerns some of the most vital features of the government. Military intelligence among other information that concerns the national security is vital to the safety and stability of the country. As such, the government must always regulate the content that reaches the public. Military censorship is therefore important in a country since it such intelligence and tactics enhances the security of a country and the country’s ability to counter external aggression (Magoon 54). Political censorship on the other hand is always the most contentious form of censorship since the public would always want to know the pertinent information concerning the stability of the country. However, both the government and the mass media managers should

Assume the responsibility of the director of Environmental Protection Essay

Assume the responsibility of the director of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). List the most important actions for dealing - Essay Example According to the Think Quest Library (2011), â€Å"Eutrophication is the situation in which excess fertilizers are being washed into the rivers causing the water to contain excessive amounts of nutrients.† To check this, there should be improved education among farmers to resort to the use of organic farming. In organic faming no artificial fertilizers are applied to the soil. Next, there should be a conscious effort to beautifying our beaches. As much as this can have additional benefits of improving tourism and promoting recreation, it would also ensure that the water bodies around the beaches are clean. Finally, there should be regulations to ensure that industrialists who channel their liquid and solid waste to water bodies but in place recycling technologies that will ensure that waste produced are recycled for use instead of throwing them into water bodies. Dealing with air pollution The first action to deal with air pollution would be centered on industrial pollution as these accounts for the worse cases of air pollution.

Financial Statement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Writing 3 - Essay Example Of critical concern was the shed located behind the door at the back which provides a hiding place for strangers. It would be important to advise employees taking out trash to the dumpster of the looming hostage risk when dark falls. The door alarm could be set off by employees so frequently such that should a stranger sneak in through the back door, no one would be concerned. It would be sensible that employees undergo safety drills for their safety and security and that of the business. The alarm fitted at the back door should be redesigned to allow for coded access under the reserve of specific employees. The background information on the building, business operations and employees was not only discussed but also documented. The discussion also focuses on the security systems such as surveillance cameras, door alarms and windows. The store layout was examined in addition to the survey undertaken to evaluate office security, guard security and physical security of the restaurant building. In the security survey, the strengths and weaknesses of all forms of security infrastructure were assessed so as to promote the security and safety of the premises and the business operations therein, employees and customers. This would only be realized should the owners and managers implement the given recommendations on security enhancement. Conclusions are given in the survey report on security weaknesses as deduced from observation and interviews. Also included are the strengths of the physical security and recommendations on how to improve security. Discussions and interviews were carried out in person. These were done in three different occasions: on June 2, 2014, June 23, 2014 and July 3, 2014. Interviews were conducted at the time of serving dinner, which is about 5.00 pm. The initial visit was important as it involved the identification of the contact person, Raj Kumar who is the owner of the restaurant. This involved a brief interview

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Modernism Art Essay Example for Free

Modernism Art Essay As some critics contended, postmodernism represents a break with the modernist notion that architecture should be technologically rational, austere and functional, discuss the ways in which one postmodern architect has developed strategies which overcome these tendencies. Juxtaposition is seen between the characteristics of early 20th century modern architecture and the artistic endeavours of postmodernism that followed. To represent the ‘Less is More’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) notion the modernist tendencies had adopted, Robert Venturi built a ‘Ghost Structure’ to imply architecture had no longer become an art form and was merely just a ‘spectator’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) in society. This essay will discuss ways in which the architect Robert Venturi adopts methods to overcome these tendencies that architecture has lost meaning and ways in which he attempts to remove himself with any links with the ‘post-modernist’ movement that he is viewed in having. Modern Architects saw their role as ‘reformers,’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) and tended to break with tradition and start anew. Considering it was a new revolutionary movement they tended to ignore potential problems and focused on the new modern advancements available. A modernist tendency was to build individually however Venturi claimed that a ‘building derives meaning from its context’ (Out Of the Ordinary, 2002) and evidently each individual location requires a different form of architectural style to represent this. In Venturis book ‘Complexity and Contradiction’ he quotes ‘familiar things seen in unfamiliar context become perceptually new as well as old’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) here he perhaps means in order for art to become worthy of aesthetic appreciation the viewer needs to see it in a different context. For example, Tracy Emin’s unmade bed was placed in an art gallery and was more acceptable and appreciated as ‘art’ rather than being viewed in its original, everyday context. Venturi was focused on the reason behind and the visual perception of architecture, he believed that in applying a ‘medley of styles’ (S.V.Moos, 1987, pg32) opposed to an ‘either/or ‘(R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) mind-set would offer a varied combination of architectural styles. Thus enabling to a successful response to the multitude of tastes society desired, as he was well aware that there were an  array of underlying problems of everyday life. Problems that modernist architects tended to ignore due to their concern of the solution not corresponding with what they believed to be their perfect design. Venturi disregards modernist tendencies as he favours a more eclectic style rather than the ‘less is more’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) approach modernism supports. Venturi aims to ensure his buildings have ties with historical architecture thus to draw meaning and value. This was to evoke a sense of familiarity whilst still staying in context with a more modern environment. Venturi believed in using his knowledge from what he had learned and new had worked in the past, so sought to apply these techniques to his designs. An example of this is Venturi’s State Mosque of Iraq; (Ref 1) finished in 1982. Here Venturi sought to draw from numerous styles and periods, specifically, Art Nouveau. The purpose of incorporating so many previous instances was to provide meaning and depth to architecture once more. Venturi was inspired by the work of Edwin Lutyen’s Capital Buildings in New Delhi as Lutyen had successfully managed to integrate historical themes to look postmodern however with an underlying modernist culture. Post-modernist architects questioned the modernist tendency that form depends on function. Walter Gropius quoted ‘aesthetic image and monumentality of a design are more important than functionalism.’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) However the context of the building was all the more important. Venturi championed this and consequently revived the tendency to ‘change things around’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) to develop and discover a more motivating form. He believed that the simplicity of modernist designs were so minimal that they therefore could easily be manipulated to communicate historic and ornamental tendencies of the past whilst taking advantage of the modern advancements in technology and construction all the while considering the users requirements. An example of this is the Vanna Venturi House, (Ref 2) completed in 1961 which has multiple references to past periods and styles. Firstly the street faà §ade denotes Michelangelo’s Porta Pia in Rome, Alessondra Vittoria’s Villa  Barabo at Maser and finally the Nymphaeum at Palladio. Venturi quotes to ‘recognising the complexities and contradictions’ (S.V.Moos, 1987, pg244) in which this building instils, nevertheless was an ideal way to overcome his statement that ‘less is a bore.’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg17) Additionally Venturi’s love of distortion over ‘straightforward’ and ‘ambiguous’ over ‘articulation’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) notion is a prime example of how he overcame the modernist tendency of clean, designed and hence forth the exclusion of design traits. Venturi was similarly intrigued by the parallel of how design in the past related to the hierarchy of upper and lower classes of his today and whether or not the aesthetics of said classes could be outlined into categories that reflected the social divisions. More precisely he connected classical modern architecture with that of ancient upper classes such as ruins of palaces and the contrast of how they were erected differently from that of how Venturi describes as ‘ordinary’ peoples buildings. (Learning from Las Vegas, 1972) Everything appears to be in relation to, form, space and social responsibility also implying modern architecture seems to have forgotten the art of steganography in which was not only significantly spanning across four centuries from the 15th to the 19th century but was also how architects learnt to progress, appreciate and respect the aesthetic awareness of form. This can be related back to the Renaissance in which the development of form has been linked to the visual for centuries. Venturi wanted to instil ‘new perceptions of old functions’ (Architecturerevived, 2011). He sought to draw from the past and carefully extract relevant features and characteristics and with the buildings context in the forefront of his mind, apply them. An illustration of is how he exhibited historical examples from Baroque and Egyptian architecture to symbolise frames and overwhelm small window openings. He symbolically implied unconventional messages or problems he thought society needed to address, an  example of this being The Guild House, completed in 1963, (Ref 3) Philadelphia. It displays a system of layers with artistic meaning,  organisation and a well thought out design process which represents the importance of historical and architectural discourse. By instilling a gold-plated TV Ariel on top of the building signified what Venturi described as the ‘relevant revolution of today.’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) It communicated the underlying idea that the importance of architecture could potentially be forgotten with the advancement of TV and media. Venturi was concerned that the development of these new technologies were influential on art, ‘a machine for living while practical, is emotionless,’ (Molly Jacques, 2009) and that all reference to historical architecture could be perceived as irrelevant or even worse, lost in the progressing society he found himself in. Therefore the TV Ariel became demonstrative of this, a representation based on the theme of classical architecture. It was also said to represent the buildings inhabitants, by simply stereotyping the occupants, believing they watch too much TV, and alas the symbolic connotation of classical statues in cathedrals. Modern architects had pragmatic views. They believed technological advances allowed for the disregard of all historical periods and movements. Led by the new approach of ‘machines for living’ (The Arts – Le Corbusier, Dominic Gallagher) as Le Corbusier cited, inevitably led to the demise of decorative and aesthetics in favour for more organised and geometrical buildings, in addition to this there was a new enthusiasm for building vertically. Venturi believed that the introduction of this technologically motivated notion advertently simplified architecture so much so it had seen a departure from the ‘experience of life.’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg17) Consequently becoming focused on what characterised as Realism. Venturi studied people in their everyday life and routines, purposely so as not to exclude designing for social problems and consequently to design for the truth. A somewhat stark contrast to the modernist notion of designing for simplification or t he ‘Less is More’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) idea, as stated by Miles Van De Rohe. This evidently left many social questions unanswered or as Paul Rudolf, a prominent modernist architect quoted ‘all problems can never be solved.’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) Furthermore the development of new materials and constructional technological advances allowed for modernist architects to design freely with focus on spatial forms and  geometric proportions. Miles Van De Rohes Pavilion’s illustrate this as they lacked any sort of reference to the past as his desire and purpose was to exploit new technologies to the fullest and have no recognized relation to the past whatsoever. Venturi opposed this as he looked to past historical architecture for inspiration and saw relevance in previous movements and styles. This allowed him to design with meaning and by combing new methods of construction and technology allowed him to develop and erect innovative buildings that reflected historical traits whilst still fitting into a modern society. A further modernist view was that architecture was about a blend on technology and art, and to inevitably reform some sort of style they believed had become lost in tradition. They admired the emerging new developments, especially in transportation and new materials becoming available. They tried to instil this new, sleek, streamlined look in their buildings. It was almost as if they wanted to draw a line under the past and render a new concept of design to follow with the new advances that were being made in other fields. Nonetheless Venturi held on to his belief that architecture hadn’t become so much as lost but instead had been forgotten. Stating that ‘conventional elements’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) could be applied using the advanced methods the modernists championed, and that some sort of balance could be achieved. It suggests a complete rejection of the past is not relevant in order to move forward in not only a social aspect but also to cater for what appeared to be, a demand for a new architectural style. Venturi was positive in regards to the new materials and construction methods now available and did not deny that they were not beneficial to society in his today and stating ‘conventional elements’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) constructed in ‘unconventional ways’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) supports this. As does his design for the Vanna Venturi House, (Ref 2) constructed in 1961 in which an array of modernist materials were used, such as steel. Yet he chose to mix both development in techniques and materials with historical features to create a design that was visually, functionally and constructed successfully in design. Venturi became interested in the Las Vegas Strip (Ref 4) leading him to write the book ‘learning from Las Vegas’ published in 1972. He came to the conclusion that the city had been built to accommodate for the  technologically savvy society. The architectural advertisement method Vegas seemed to have adopted had all been carefully angled to appeal to the people now driving down the strip. This was an original concept in which to appeal to an audience not necessarily on foot. The architecture almost becomes an advertisement in itself and the landscape inadvertently develops into its notorious messy, chaotic and fast paced form, which also reflected the traits the city and people in it had undertook. The architecture became a direct contrast to the modernist tendencies as the strip ‘serves culture rather than dictates it.’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) this was perhaps as Vegas was competitive and needed to directly interact with its audience in order to entice them. Venturi was inspired to take aspects of how Las Vegas had so forcefully removed the constraints of which had seemed to be put upon architecture and apply it, however in a not so embellished manner. Venturi states how The Guild House (Ref 3) was built with these intentions as well as having a ‘vernacular’ (Perkowitz, 2002) idea in mind. He went on to exploit every available inch of building space obtainable, by building up six-stories high. An attribute in fact of the modernist conception, however Venturi came to this design conclusion to enable the inhabitants to interact more conveniently with the outside. This was said to be purposely done so as not to break up the prevailing aesthetics of the street, nonetheless still managed to introduce another dimension to it. A fragmented outline of the Southern faà §ade directly contrasts with the smooth surface of the North. This intentionally done so as the building was built for the elderly so rather than isolate, the distorted faà §ade in fact drew the outside in, to allow for maximum interaction in a visual nature. Venturi attempts to imply a Baroque Palazzo style upon the Guild House (Ref 3) by the introduction of white tiles on the lower and upper levels of the building. Which was believed to have ‘symbolic’ and ‘representational’ (S.V.Moos, 1987, pg25) components that merge as a whole which in avertedly was to reflect the architectural connotation of the structure. It was understood that the Guild House (Ref 3) was built on a system of layers. Layers of artistic meaning and organisation, each one symbolising the importance of the  historical and architectural discourse. This is reinforced by Venturi testifying ‘knowledge instead of learning’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg12) supports the fact he draws upon what was effective in the past and relates it to his own compositions. He breaks up the historical foundations and is driven and instils a sense of the past throughout his designs. The modernist notion of designing for what the architect believed society wanted rather than needed impacted primarily upon the poorer societies. Hence forth Venturi was particularly careful when building The Guild House perhaps to show designing with the context and user in mind can be achieved successfully without social problems having to be ignored or forgotten, again a tendency modern architecture seemed to adopt in fear of losing aesthetic value. Venturi sought to prove you could have both. In reflection it can be said that Venturi is extremely knowledgeable and has an in-depth understanding and appreciation for historical architecture in which he feel shouldn’t be forgotten but instead should be admired and inspire future movements. Despite modernism striping what Venturi believed was the ‘art’ from architecture he fought to overcome these tendencies are drew upon relevant historic features and characterisations and applied them liberally to his design, in accordance to their context. Nevertheless he understood that designing for the user was significant and not to exclude social problems. He undertook the modernist concept of advanced ways to construct and recognised and understood the developing society, yet he chose not to ignore historic references and applied them in a system of layers within his designs to accommodate for the advanced civilization whilst electing to apply asceticism for both a functional and visual experience. As some critics contended, postmodernism represents a break with the modernist notion that architecture should be technologically rational, austere and functional, discuss the ways in which one postmodern architect has developed strategies which overcome these tendencies. Juxtaposition is seen between the characteristics of early 20th century modern architecture and the artistic endeavours of postmodernism that followed. To represent the ‘Less is More’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) notion  the modernist tendencies had adopted, Robert Venturi built a ‘Ghost Structure’ to imply architecture had no longer become an art form and was merely just a ‘spectator’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) in society. This essay will discuss ways in which the architect Robert Venturi adopts methods to overcome these tendencies that architecture has lost meaning and ways in which he attempts to remove himself with any links with the ‘post-modernist’ movement that he is viewed in having. Modern Architects saw their role as ‘reformers,’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) and tended to break with tradition and start anew. Considering it was a new revolutionary movement they tended to ignore potential problems and focused on the new modern advancements available. A modernist tendency was to build individually however Venturi claimed that a ‘building derives meaning from its context’ (Out Of the Ordinary, 2002) and evidently each individual location requires a different form of architectural style to represent this. In Venturis book ‘Complexity and Contradiction’ he quotes ‘familiar things seen in unfamiliar context become perceptually new as well as old’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) here he perhaps means in order for art to become worthy of aesthetic appreciation the viewer needs to see it in a different context. For example, Tracy Emin’s unmade bed was placed in an art gallery and was more acceptable and appreciated as ‘art’ rather than being viewed in its original, everyday context. Venturi was focused on the reason behind and the visual perception of architecture, he believed that in applying a ‘medley of styles’ (S.V.Moos, 1987, pg32) opposed to an ‘either/or ‘(R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) mind-set would offer a varied combination of architectural styles. Thus enabling to a successful response to the multitude of tastes society desired, as he was well aware that there were an array of underlying problems of everyday life. Problems that modernist architects tended to ignore due to their concern of the solution not corresponding with what they believed to be their perfect design. Venturi disregards modernist tendencies as he favours a more eclectic style rather than the ‘less is more’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) approach modernism supports. Venturi aims to ensure his buildings have ties with historical architecture thus to draw meaning and value. This was to evoke a sense of  familiarity whilst still staying in context with a more modern environment. Venturi believed in using his knowledge from what he had learned and new had worked in the past, so sought to apply these techniques to his designs. An example of this is Venturi’s State Mosque of Iraq; (Ref 1) finished in 1982. Here Venturi sought to draw from numerous styles and periods, specifically, Art Nouveau. The purpose of incorporating so many previous instances was to provide meaning and depth to architecture once more. Venturi was inspired by the work of Edwin Lutyen’s Capital Buildings in New Delhi as Lutyen had successfully managed to integrate historical themes to look postmodern however with an underlying modernist culture. Post-modernist architects questioned the modernist tendency that form depends on function. Walter Gropius quoted ‘aesthetic image and monumentality of a design are more important than functionalism.’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) However the context of the building was all the more important. Venturi championed this and consequently revived the tendency to ‘change things around’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) to develop and discover a more motivating form. He believed that the simplicity of modernist designs were so minimal that they therefore could easily be manipulated to communicate historic and ornamental tendencies of the past whilst taking advantage of the modern advancements in technology and construction all the while considering the users requirements. An example of this is the Vanna Venturi House, (Ref 2) completed in 1961 which has multiple references to past periods and styles. Firstly the street faà §ade denotes Michelangelo’s Porta Pia in Rome, Alessondra Vittoria’s Villa Barabo at Maser and finally the Nymphaeum at Palladio. Venturi quotes to ‘recognising the complexities and  contradictions’ (S.V.Moos, 1987, pg244) in which this building instils, nevertheless was an ideal way to overcome his statement that ‘less is a bore.’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg17) Additionally Venturi’s love of distortion over ‘straightforward’ and ‘ambiguous’ over ‘articulation’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) notion is a prime example of how he overcame the modernist tendency of  clean, designed and hence forth the exclusion of design traits. Venturi was similarly intrigued by the parallel of how design in the past related to the hierarchy of upper and lower classes of his t oday and whether or not the aesthetics of said classes could be outlined into categories that reflected the social divisions. More precisely he connected classical modern architecture with that of ancient upper classes such as ruins of palaces and the contrast of how they were erected differently from that of how Venturi describes as ‘ordinary’ peoples buildings. (Learning from Las Vegas, 1972) Everything appears to be in relation to, form, space and social responsibility also implying modern architecture seems to have forgotten the art of steganography in which was not only significantly spanning across four centuries from the 15th to the 19th century but was also how architects learnt to progress, appreciate and respect the aesthetic awareness of form. This can be related back to the Renaissance in which the development of form has been linked to the visual for centuries. Venturi wanted to instil ‘new perceptions of old functions’ (Architecturerevived, 2011). He sought to draw from the past and carefully extract relevant features and characteristics and with the buildings context in the forefront of his mind, apply them. An illustration of is how he exhibited historical examples from Baroque and Egyptian architecture to symbolise frames and overwhelm small window openings. He symbolically implied unconventional messages or problems he thought society needed to address, an  example of this being The Guild House, completed in 1963, (Ref 3) Philadelphia. It displays a system of layers with artistic meaning, organisation and a well thought out design process which represents the importance of historical and architectural discourse. By instilling a gold-plated TV Ariel on top of the building signified what Venturi described as the ‘relevant revolution of today.’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) It communicated the underlying idea that the importance of architecture could potentially be forgotten with the advancement of TV and media. Venturi was concerned that the development of these new technologies were influential on art, ‘a machine for living while practical, is emotionless,’ (Molly Jacques,  2009) and that all reference to historical architecture could be perceived as irrelevant or even worse, lost in the progressing society he found himself in. Therefore the TV Ariel became demonstrative of this, a representation based on the theme of classical architecture. It was also said to represent the buildings inhabitants, by simply stereotyping the occupants, believing they watch too much TV, and alas the symbolic connotation of classical statues in cathedrals. Modern architects had pragmatic views. They believed technological advances allowed for the disregard of all historical periods and movements. Led by the new approach of ‘machines for living’ (The Arts – Le Corbusier, Dominic Gallagher) as Le Corbusier cited, inevitably led to the demise of decorative and aesthetics in favour for more organised and geometrical buildings, in addition to this there was a new enthusiasm for building vertically. Venturi believed that the introduction of this technologically motivated notion advertently simplified architecture so much so it had seen a departure from the ‘experience of life.’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg17) Consequently becoming focused on what characterised as Realism. Venturi studied people in their everyday life and routines, purposely so as not to exclude designing for social problems and consequently to design for the truth. A somewhat stark contrast to the modernist notion of designing for simplification or t he ‘Less is More’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) idea, as stated by Miles Van De Rohe. This evidently left many social questions unanswered or as Paul Rudolf, a prominent modernist architect quoted ‘all problems can never be solved.’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) Furthermore the development of new materials and constructional technological advances allowed for modernist architects to design freely with focus on spatial forms and geometric proportions. Miles Van De Rohes Pavilion’s illustrate this as they lacked any sort of reference to the past as his desire and purpose was to exploit new technologies to the fullest and have no recognized relation to the past whatsoever. Venturi opposed this as he looked to past historical architecture for inspiration and saw relevance in previous movements and styles. This allowed him to design with meaning and by combing new methods of construction and technology allowed him to develop and erect innovative buildings that reflected historical traits whilst still fitting into a  modern society. A further modernist view was that architecture was about a blend on technology and art, and to inevitably reform some sort of style they believed had become lost in tradition. They admired the emerging new developments, especially in transportation and new materials becoming available. They tried to instil this new, sleek, streamlined look in their buildings. It was almost as if they wanted to draw a line under the past and render a new concept of design to follow with the new advances that were being made in other fields. Nonetheless Venturi held on to his belief that architecture hadn’t become so much as lost but instead had been forgotten. Stating that ‘conventional elements’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) could be applied using the advanced methods the modernists championed, and that some sort of balance could be achieved. It suggests a complete rejection of the past is not relevant in order to move forward in not only a social aspect but also to cater for what appeared to be, a demand for a new architectural style. Venturi was positive in regards to the new materials and construction methods now available and did not deny that they were not beneficial to society in his today and stating ‘conventional elements’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) constructed in ‘unconventional ways’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) supports this. As does his design for the Vanna Venturi House, (Ref 2) constructed in 1961 in which an array of modernist materials were used, such as steel. Yet he chose to mix both development in techniques and materials with historical features to create a design that was visually, functionally and constructed successfully in design. Venturi became interested in the Las Vegas Strip (Ref 4) leading him to write the book ‘learning from Las Vegas’ published in 1972. He came to the conclusion that the city had been built to accommodate for the technologically savvy society. The architectural advertisement method Vegas seemed to have  adopted had all been carefully angled to appeal to the people now driving down the strip. This was an original concept in which to appeal to an audience not necessarily on foot. The architecture almost becomes an advertisement in itself and the landscape inadvertently develops into its notorious messy, chaotic and fast paced form, which also reflected the  traits the city and people in it had undertook. The architecture became a direct contrast to the modernist tendencies as the strip ‘serves culture rather than dictates it.’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) this was perhaps as Vegas was competitive and needed to directly interact with its audience in order to entice them. Venturi was inspired to take aspects of how Las Vegas had so forcefully removed the constraints of which had seemed to be put upon architecture and apply it, however in a not so embellished manner. Venturi states how The Guild House (Ref 3) was built with these intentions as well as having a ‘vernacular’ (Perkowitz, 2002) idea in mind. He went on to exploit every available inch of building space obtainable, by building up six-stories high. An attribute in fact of the modernist conception, however Venturi came to this design conclusion to enable the inhabitants to interact more conveniently with the outside. This was said to be purposely done so as not to break up the prevailing aesthetics of the street, nonetheless still managed to introduce another dimension to it. A fragmented outline of the Southern faà §ade directly contrasts with the smooth surface of the North. This intentionally done so as the building was built for the elderly so rather than isolate, the distorted faà §ade in fact drew the outside in, to allow for maximum interaction in a visual nature. Venturi attempts to imply a Baroque Palazzo style upon the Guild House (Ref 3) by the introduction of white tiles on the lower and upper levels of the building. Which was believed to have ‘symbolic’ and ‘representational’ (S.V.Moos, 1987, pg25) components that merge as a whole which in avertedly was to reflect the architectural connotation of the structure. It was understood that the Guild House (Ref 3) was built on a system of layers. Layers of artistic meaning and organisation, each one symbolising the importance of the historical and architectural discourse. This is reinforced by Venturi testifying ‘knowledge instead of learning’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg12) supports the fact he draws upon what was effective in the past and relates it to his own compositions. He breaks up the historical foundations and is driven and instils a sense of the past throughout his designs. The modernist notion of designing for what the architect believed society wanted rather than needed impacted primarily upon the poorer societies. Hence forth Venturi was particularly careful when building The Guild House perhaps to show designing  with the context and user in mind can be achieved successfully without social problems having to be ignored or forgotten, again a tendency modern architecture seemed to adopt in fear of losing aesthetic value. Venturi sought to prove you could have both. In reflection it can be said that Venturi is extremely knowledgeable and has an in-depth understanding and appreciation for historical architecture in which he feel shouldn’t be forgotten but instead should be admired and inspire future movements. Despite modernism striping what Venturi believed was the ‘art’ from architecture he fought to overcome these tendencies are drew upon relevant historic features and characterisations and applied them liberally to his design, in accordance to their context. Nevertheless he understood that designing for the user was significant and not to exclude social problems. He undertook the modernist concept of advanced ways to construct and recognised and understood the developing society, yet he chose not to ignore historic references and applied them in a system of layers within his designs to accommodate for the advanced civilization whilst electing to apply asceticism for both a functional and visual experience.

Concepts of Bio-Electricity

Concepts of Bio-Electricity Introduction What is Bio-electricity? Bio-electricity is an interdisciplinary theme which refers to the production of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in biological tissue (Cameron, 1996). This essay focus on the production of electric fields for use in organisms rather than in electrical circuits. An electric field is an area around a charged particle created by an electric force; the magnitude and direction of this force is determined by the charge of the particles surrounding it (Dictionary, no date). An example of this in Biology is the electrical system of the heart and the maintaining of membrane potentials in cells in the body. Bio-electricity in Nature American Paddlefish An example of an organism which uses Bio-electricity in an enhanced form is the American Paddlefish (or Spoonbill Catfish). These are large, freshwater fish from North America which have an extensive, paddle-like flat nose. The extended nose of the fish is embedded with pores with cells called electroreceptors (Thomas, 2016). These pores spread over the fishs body, from the nose to gill covers, covering around half of its skin (Wilkens, 2001). This allows the detection of weak electric currents in the water they travel in, thus allowing them to hunt their main source of food; plankton. These sensors are extremely sensitive, and are able to respond to electrical fields of less than 1/100th of one 1-millionth volt per centimetre (Wilkens, 2001). All organisms emit weak electric signals (e.g. electrical impulses due to the beating of the heart), and thus can be detected by these cells. The electrical signal is sent to the brain via the neurons. Paddlefish being able to detect these fields aid their survival, as their environment is generally very dark (Thomas, 2016). Electric Eel Another example of Bio-electricity in nature being used in a different way is with the Electric Eel. It can do this due to the electrogenic cells in its body called electrocytes, each with a negative charge of around 100 millivolts (Scientific American, 2005). These are all modified muscle cells in the eels tail. When a signal from a command nucleus arrives to each of the cells, a neurotransmitter is released. These are chemical signals which allow information to be transmitted between nerve cells (Cherry, 2016). As a result of this, a path of low resistance is created, connecting the interior and exterior of each cell. This allows the cells to behave like batteries, with opposing sides of the cell acting as positive and negative terminals (Scientific American, 2005). This is used to both hunt and kill prey. If in sight, prey can be hunted by the eels the release of high voltage pulses of a frequency of 400/s. If these pulses reach another organism, it will interfere with its neurons, causing them to involuntarily contract. This contraction is extremely strong due to the sequence of the pulses released; each lengthy torrent is succeeded by a pair of rapid pulses, making the process as efficient as possible. As a result of this, the prey can experience complete short term paralysis, allowing the eel to attack. The effect is similar of that of a taser on a human (Yong, 2014). Similar to that of the Paddlefish, potential prey can also be detected through the use of Bio-electricity. The Electric Eel can send out pulses, again causing the prey to contract involuntarily. The resulting ripples in the water would reveal the location of any organism affected, as the eel is extremely sensitive to movement (it can strike within 20 thousandths of a second from when movement is detected). This provides a further opportunity for the eel to kill (Yong, 2014). Moreover, the eel can kill prey (or deter predators) by directly shocking them. Though each individual electrocyte can create only a small electric field, the cells are connected as parallel batteries are in a circuit, creating a larger electric field. The combined electrocytes create 3 large electric organs which can take up 80% of the eels body (Giardina, 2016). This means an average Electric Eel can produce electricity of around 600 volts at 2 milliseconds at a time. Bio-electricity in Medicine The use of Bio-electricity to treat human conditions is being increasingly explored. A link between the immune system, the series of processes which works to primarily fight off disease, and the nervous system, processes which involve electrical signals within the body, is being researched. One of the main method of using our knowledge of Bio-electricity in Medicine is through the stimulation of the Vagus nerve, also known as Cranial Nerve (X). This is one of 12 cranial nerves, which are nerves which begin from the brain stem rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for the motor and sensory functions of our body (InnovateUs Inc, 2013). Of all the cranial nerves, the Vagus nerve is the longest, extending through the thorax, heart, stomach, abdominal muscles and others. This links the brainstem to the body and major organs (particularly the heart), allowing information to be easily transferred in an electrical circuit-like system (InnovateUs Inc, 2013). One of the uses of the Vagus nerve stimulation is the controlling of seizures in epilepsy patients. This is by connecting a small device to the left Vagus nerve in the neck. The device can then send out small electrical impulses via the nerve to the brain. This reduces activity in the brain which can lead to seizures; seizures themselves are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. (Epilepsy Society, 2016). A second use of Bio-electricity in Medicine is the use of cardiac pacemakers in the treatment of Parkinsons disease, a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a loss of dopamine producing nerve cells in the brain (NHS Choices, 2016). To help reduce the symptoms of Parkinsons, which include rigidity, tremors and bradykinesia, doctors are implanting a small electronic device called a neurostimulator in patients (Lazarus, 2014). The device sends out regular electrical impulses to areas of the brain responsible for movement. This allows impulse to block the irregular signals which cause the shaking in patients, giving them more control. The entire process is called Deep Brain Stimulation and is a widely used technique to help improve quality of life in people with Parkinsons. Conclusion In conclusion, Bio-electricity is a naturally occurring phenomenon occurring in humans and animals alike, and is essential to everyday living. Its natural uses explored include communication between the brain and body via neurotransmittors and nerve cells, the detection of prey and predator in animals and its use in hunting. With modern technological advances, its use is being extended to the treatment of disorders in humans including depression, Parkinsons, arthritis and epilepsy, many of which through the installation of electrical devices which send out impulses. With further research and understanding, it is hoped to that it can be used to treat many more diseases, improving quality of life for many more people. Bibliography Cameron, J. (1996) Bioelectromagnetism-Principles and applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic fields, by J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Medical Physics, 23(8), pp. 1471-1471. doi: 10.1118/1.597895. Cherry, K. (2016) Basics of biological psychology the brain and behavior. Available at: https://www.verywell.com/lesson-three-brain-and-behavior-2795291 (Accessed: 22 December 2016). Dictionary (no date) The definition of electric field, in Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/electric-field (Accessed: 27 December 2016). Epilepsy Society (2016) Vagus nerve stimulation. Available at: https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/vagus-nerve-stimulation#.WGHxfFxHa0w (Accessed: 27 December 2016). Giardina, T. (2016) ELECTRIC FEEL: Scientist explains how eels make electricity. Available at: http://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2015/05/30/electric-eels-create-shock/28208993/ (Accessed: 26 December 2016). InnovateUs Inc (2013) What is the function of the Vagus nerve? Available at: http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-function-vagus-nerve (Accessed: 27 December 2016). Lazarus, J. (2014) Surgical Treatment Options. Available at: http://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/treatment/surgery-treatment-options/Deep-Brain-Stimulation (Accessed: 27 December 2016). NHS Choices (2016) Parkinsons disease causes. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/parkinsons-disease/pages/causes.aspx (Accessed: 27 December 2016). Scientific American (2005) How do electric eels generate a voltage and why do they not get shocked in the process? Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-electric-eels-gene/ (Accessed: 22 December 2016). Thomas, B. (2016) Paddlefish are tuned to eat only Plankton. Available at: http://www.icr.org/article/paddlefish-are-tuned-eat-only-plankton/ (Accessed: 17 December 2016). Wilkens, L. (2001) Tuning in to Paddlefish. Available at: https://mdc.mo.gov/conmag/2001/01/tuning-paddlefish (Accessed: 17 December 2016). Yong, E. (2014) Electric Eels can remotely control their preys muscles. Available at: http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/04/electric-eels-can-remotely-control-their-preys-muscles/ (Accessed: 22 December 2016).

Ann rule- Dead At sunset Essay -- essays research papers

This book is just one account of what took place on that fatal September 21, 1986 night. It was a warm and beautiful Sunday night on the Sunset High way in Oregon when Cheryl Keeton was brutally bludgeoned body was found in her van, in the fast lane by a motorist, Randall Kelly Blighton who just stopped to see if he could offer any type of help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Randall Blighton saw a silhouette of an infant in the vans window which now he says was a car seat. He felt that he couldn’t just pass by after he had just dropped off his own children with their mother. When he first arrived by the van he set out flares to make sure that everybody knew that the van was there. He then went to open the drivers side door and found that a woman’s purse was jammed between the accelerator and the firewall, that would explain the continually motion forward. He could see that a figure was lying across the front seat and that the head was tucked into the chest just over the passenger seat. He could see that the figure had on one loafer type on one foot that looked feminine. As he searched to turn on the emergency flashers and was unable to find them, not knowing that they were over head. He felt the floor to see if there was a baby. However, as he felt around he realized that the floor and seats of the van and realized why it was so hard to see through the drivers side window that was splattered with something dark, blood. Nevertheless, he felt it was more important to keep searching to find the baby instead of stopping. He shuddered and didn’t get how there could be so much blood in the van if it hadn’t been hit by another vehicle. Randall then hopped in the drivers seat and moved the van on to the shoulder of 79th where it met sunset highway. Mr. Blighton then ran to the passenger side door, which was slightly open to see if the woman had a pulse when he could not feel one he then ran to get help. He finally came to a house and told them to call for help. Thomas Stewart Duffy Jr was on duty that night at Washington County Fire District Number One. The call came in roughly at 8:44 that night. They had many calls come in from the sunset highway and most proved fatal. They arrived to see the blue Toyota van parked facing north along 79th . The man was covered in dark spots and they weren’t sure just what they were getting into. When they arrived at the woman ... ...s fear. Brad later left the house and it was a mess Sara was unsure if he was ever to return and went to the house with a realtor only to find the locks and high tech security system had been changed. Did you know?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This would be the second case to be tried in civil court for a murder with no weapons just circumstantial evidence.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cheryl Keeton could see that Brad would kill her and was warned by many close friends never to be alone with him but felt she had to go and get her children back that fatal Sunday night.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brad Cunningham grew up in a divorced household where he was not wanted by his father and was never to see his mother or have any contact with her. After she had an affair with a Hispanic man and was caring his child.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He had a brother that never was able to have a relationship with a woman.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Been married 4 times before Sara, seemed not to marry for love but for control and to get what ever he wanted. Eight years after killing his divorced wife in Portland, Oregon, Brad Cunningham was finally convicted of her murder

Anorexia and Bulimia :: Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Anorexia And Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa: a condition characterized by intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, as well as a distorted body image, leading to an excessive weight loss from restricting food intake and excessive exercise. Bulimia: an eating disorder in which persistent overconcern with the body weight and shape leads to repeat episodes of binging (consuming large amounts of food in a short time) associated with induced vomiting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To support our definitions we interviewed Dr. David Praul of Charter Hospital by fax. 1. Is there a typical sufferer of Anorexia or Bulimia?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While anorexics are often members of the middle class or affluent society, recent findings show sufferers come from all backgrounds and many different styles and sizes of families. Also there is a tendency for anorexics to set unreasonably high goals and to aim for perfection in all that they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generally speaking, bulimia is likely to begin after the late teens, while anorexia more often starts during adolescence. The incidence of anorexia or bulimia in males is about 5% of all cases, with the onset of the disorders generally mid-teens to early twenties. 2. What are the causes of the eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many theories, but no clear picture. It is an over simplification to blame the mass media's presentation to blame the mass media's presentation of the ideal shape: though western society's increased emphasis on the slim, fit body places pressure on many people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We know there are many factors affecting the development of the disorders- biological, psychological and sociological- so the relationship between parent and child need not to be seen as the dominant cause. However the reluctance to mature physically (sexually) and emotionally, and the issues of personal control between parent and child, could contribute to some cases of anorexia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low self -esteem and poor body image contributes to both disorders; and it seems life crises- such as changing relationships, childbirth or death- may trigger the eating disorders. 3. What are the side-effects of Anorexia and Bulimia?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are described more fully in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Foundation of Victoria's brochures on the disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The anorexic experiences physical side-effects similar to malnutritian, with severe sensitivity to the cold, loss of menstral periods and growth of down-like body hair. Bulimic women may also stop mensturating or have irregular periods. Both disorders involve the possible dysfunction of the kidneys, imbalance in the bodily chemicals and damage to colon or urinary tracts. Constant vomiting erodes dental enamel and gives the person a sore throat and gullet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each disorder places tremendous emotional strain on sufferers, the malnourishment of anorexics actually results in an inability to think clearly or

William Edward Forster Essay -- Education Act of 1870, England

Section A – Plan of Investigation I will analyze the question of â€Å"How did William Edward Forster contribute to the Education Act of 1870 in England?† How he contributed to the act and what changes he did within the act will show how the act became a new advantage in England for the middle-working class. A speech made by William Edward Forster about the Education Act and a memorandum of October 21, 1869 will be used to discuss his contribution and all the provisions made to the act. The book The Elementary Education Act 1870 by Thomas Preston can be great help because it focuses on the Education Act only. For this question, it is best to start by researching about W.E. Forster and the Education Act of 1870 itself. The contribution of W.E. Forster to the act benefited a lot of families and children themselves because they could get an education for free. Section B – Summary of Evidence William Edward Forster drafted the Education Act of 1870 after the government decided to educate the citizens of the country and because England feared that they lacked an effective education system (Docstoc-documents). This act was also known as the Elementary Education Act and it was a culmination of a long struggle (thirty years) to establish an effective and nationwide education schooling system for children ages 5 to 12 (Looking at History). Jackson wrote, â€Å"Forster did not go to school until he was thirteen, he was taught by his mother† (16) could be the reason why he started the Education Act. Therefore W.E. Forster contributed in creating school boards for England, and the country would be divided into about 2,500 school districts (Spartacus Educational). Like W.E. Forster stated in his speech, there are two primary objects in this bill t... ...Brown who loves to talk about history because it interests him and because he likes discussing the political issues in the world. The purpose of the webpage is to inform about The Education Act 1870: revised version. The website was very helpful because it gave a handful of information about the act and it especially talks about the working-class in England. It also gives a great understanding of the requirements of the act and how the working-class benefits from it. The webpage was worth it because it gave many different facts about the Education Act and it also helped a lot while doing research. There could possibly be some limitations to this source because it was written about 140 years later. The good thing is that the source was never bias at any point, it just gave all the different facts and never focused specifically on one thing with one point of view.